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"Five Years Later: Myths of the U.S. Debacle in Somalia Uncovered" reviews a series of articles entitled "Blackhawk Down, an American War Story." The series was written by Mark Bowden, and was originally published in "The Philadelphia Inquirer" during November and December of 1997. The series describes the implications of the Battle of Mogadishu, Somalia. The battle, which occurred in October 1993, involved U.S. soldiers who were part of the Operation Restore Hope peacekeeping mission and Habr Gidr clan leaders. The Council for a Livable World Education presents the report online as part of the Project on Peacekeeping and the United Nations.
The international humanitarian intervention in Somalia was one of the most challenging operations ever conducted by US and UN military forces. Until Somalia, the UN had never run a Chapter VII exercise with large numbers of troops operating under a fighting mandate. It became a deadly test of the UN’s ability carry out a peace operation using force against an adversary determined to sabotage the intervention. Humanitarianism Under Fire is a candid, detailed historical and political narrative of this remarkably complicated intervention that was one of the first cases of multilateral action in the post-Cold War era. Rutherford presents new information gleaned from interviews and intensive research in five countries. His evidence shows how Somalia became a turning point in the relationship between the UN and US and how policy and strategy decisions in military operations continue to refer back to this singular event, even today.
This study examines the American military's experience with urban operations in Somalia, particularly in the capital city of Mogadishu. That original focus can be found in the following pages, but the authors address other, broader issues as well, to include planning for a multinational intervention; workable and unworkable command and control arrangements; the advantages and problems inherent in coalition operations; the need for cultural awareness in a clan-based society whose status as a nation-state is problematic; the continuous adjustments required by a dynamic, often unpredictable situation; the political dimension of military activities at the operational and tactical levels; and the ability to match military power and capabilities to the mission at hand.
Finalist for the Pulitzer Prize • One of the Washington Post Book World's 10 Best Books of the Year • Time's 10 Best Books of the Year • USA Today's Nonfiction Book of the Year • A New York Times Notable Book "Staggeringly vivid and persuasive . . . absolutely essential reading." —Michiko Kakutani, The New York Times "The best account yet of the entire war." —Vanity Fair The definitive account of the American military's tragic experience in Iraq Fiasco is a masterful reckoning with the planning and execution of the American military invasion and occupation of Iraq through mid-2006, now with a postscript on recent developments. Ricks draws on the exclusive cooperation of an extraordinary number of American personnel, including more than one hundred senior officers, and access to more than 30,000 pages of official documents, many of them never before made public. Tragically, it is an undeniable account—explosive, shocking, and authoritative—of unsurpassed tactical success combined with unsurpassed strategic failure that indicts some of America's most powerful and honored civilian and military leaders.
This is a study of United Nations/United States intervention and experimentation with peacekeeping and peacemaking in the post-cold war international arena. In 1992-93, Somalia was the testing ground, and the UN found itself with a policy dilemma that has become known as "the Mogadishu line." This account of the period is told from an "on the ground" perspective by a political analyst with five decades of African and Asian affairs experience and who is a veteran of Somali politics. Beginning in November 1991, there was heavy fighting in the Somali capital of Mogadishu between soldiers in alliance with General Mohamed Farah Aidid and those in alliance with Ali Mohamed Mahdi, the appointed interim president, as well as other, smaller factions. In addition to Mogadishu, there was also conflict in Kismayo. In the northwest, local leaders were pushing to create an independent "Somaliland." The country as a whole was without any form of central government. The fighting took place at a time of serious drought and that combination proved disastrous for the population at large. By 1992 almost 4.5 million people were threatened with starvation, severe malnutrition and related diseases. Overall, an estimated 300,000 people died. Some 2 million people, violently displaced from their home areas, fled to either neighboring countries or elsewhere within Somalia. All of the central government and at least 60 percent of the country's basic infrastructure were lost. The United Nations Operation in Somalia was set up to provide humanitarian aid to people trapped by civil war and famine. The mission developed into a broad attempt to help stop the conflict and reestablish the basic framework of aviable government. In an important new preface to this edition, "Mogadishu, the Fatal Attraction, " those extraordinary times are revisited, and the author takes a fresh look at significant turning points in the terrible saga and, continuing the analysis through to the year 2001, re-examines why pious hopes remain unfulfilled. The author's exclusive reporting of events during the momentous period covered, is based on conversations with protagonists, reports from oral sources, and knowledge from his own unique vantage point as political adviser to the UN Secretary General's Special Representative to Somalia. This book remains essential reading for the study of international relations and conflict in this part of the Horn of Africa.
American journalist Scott Peterson describes the violent events that have torn apart Somalia, Sudan, and Rwanda during the 1990s, including the involvement of the U.S.
Their entries include concise biographies from James Wolfe to Louis Riel to Rick Hillier; key military-political issues like the conscription crises, war finance, and Canada-US relations; lesser-known conflicts such as the Pig War and the Aroostook War; and more recent issues facing the Canadian Forces, including sexual harassment and post-traumatic stress disorder. We see Canada through an international lens as a war fighter and a peacekeeper-and as a participant in some darker moments.
From its earliest moments the operation went awry. The soldiers, with some notable exceptions, did their best. But ill-prepared and rudderless, they fell inevitably into the mire that became the Somalia debacle. As a result, a proud legacy was dishonoured. This document presents the Report of the Commission of Inquiry into the Deployment of Canadian Forces to Somalia. It precisely focuses on the lessons of the Somalia Affair.