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Concrete is commonly regarded as a mundane, prosaic material whilst the sea is perceived as a fearsome environment, endowed with mystery. Mystery stems from lack of knowledge, and to that extent both concrete and sea have something in common-we fall a long way short of knowing enough about them. Fortunately we have learned enough from our investigations and experiences to be able to set the limits within which we should operate. It is important for the engineer to seek to quantify the effects of the environment on materials and structures so that these can be made safe and adequately durable for their intended economic life. This is especially true for marine structures. Thus the primary purpose of this book is to provide a useful synthesis of the behaviour of concrete and concrete structures in the marine environment. An outline of the content of the book is provided in the latter part of the first chapter and so will not be anticipated here. The chief aim throughout, however, is to work as far as possible within a context of the appropriate governing physical phenomena, giving due consideration to the mathematical relationships between them. Moreover, without intending to be a design manual, an introduction is given to the sources of information which designers are likely to use, as well as to structural achievements. It is hoped that there should emerge an implicit integration between structure and constituent materials and the surrounding environment.
The engineering development of concrete structures has reached the stage where dynamic behaviour could be critical to design. Hitherto dynamic behaviour has been a preoccupation of steel designers because of the lighter weight, lower flexibility and lower damping of steel assemblages. Also steel has been used for the more demanding applications where there is less margin for error. However, this is now changing and with the introduction of higher strength materials and more advanced designs, concrete is becoming used in situations that would previously have been the preserve of steel. Designers, researchers and students will therefore find the publication of this volume particularly timely. It addresses the question of when to treat a design or analysis problem as being one of statics or dynamics. The fundamental principles of dynamic analysis of single- and multi-degree-of-freedom systems are explained and worked examples are given. Defined and explained are the different types of dynamic loading (mechanical plant, wind, waves and earthquakes) and the effects, structural fatigue, and human discomfort.
Fatigue Design of Marine Structures provides students and professionals with a theoretical and practical background for fatigue design of marine structures including sailing ships, offshore structures for oil and gas production, and other welded structures subject to dynamic loading such as wind turbine structures. Industry expert Inge Lotsberg brings more than forty years of experience in design and standards-setting to this comprehensive guide to the basics of fatigue design of welded structures. Topics covered include laboratory testing, S-N data, different materials, different environments, stress concentrations, residual stresses, acceptance criteria, non-destructive testing, improvement methods, probability of failure, bolted connections, grouted connections, and fracture mechanics. Featuring twenty chapters, three hundred diagrams, forty-seven example calculations, and resources for further study, Fatigue Design of Marine Structures is intended as the complete reference work for study and practice.
Offshore Engineering is a track that is growing up considerably during last decades. Offshore wind turbines, oil platforms and other projects situated on the sea are good examples of marine constructions. These types of structures are normally subjected to cyclic loads that may produce significant changes in the properties of the material during the life of the structure. This effect is also known as fatigue. Fatigue is a process of progressive and permanent structural change occurring in a material which is subjected to loads which produce time fluctuating stresses and strains. In offshore structures, the fatigue damage is more important because the special conditions of the sea and the marine environment that may accelerate the degradation of the structure. The thesis deals with the response of prestressed concrete elements subjected to fatigue damage in marine environment. A review of the most important codes for calculating the fatigue damage is presented, comparing several requirements and regulations. Finally, a methodology for calculating the fatigue damage in offshore concrete structures is proposed, considering corrosion and the mechanical response of the structure.
Concrete offshore structures have been successfully delivered to the international oil and gas industry for more than 35 years. Some 50 major concrete platforms of different shapes and sizes, supporting large production and storage facilities, are currently operating in hostile marine environments worldwide and have excellent service records. After some years with little development activity, today there is a renewed interest in robust structures for the Arctic environment, for Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) terminals and for special floating barges and vessels. Currently, concrete solutions are being considered for projects north and east of Russia, north of Norway and offshore Newfoundland, among others. Concrete is also in increasing demand in built up coastal areas for a variety of purposes such as harbour works, tunnels and bridges, cargo terminals, parking garages and sea front housing developments where durability and robustness are essential. The mandate of fib Task Group 1.5 was to gather the experience and know-how pertinent to the development, design and execution of offshore concrete structures, and to elaborate on the applicability of concrete structures for the Arctic environments. The findings of the Task Group are presented in fib Bulletin 50. The report is based on experience gained from the design, execution and performance of a number of offshore concrete structures around the world and in particular in the North Sea. Ongoing inspections have shown excellent durability and structural performance, even in structures that have exceeded their design lives, in conditions often characterized by extreme wave loads, freezing conditions, hurricane force winds and seismic actions. This forms the "background" for discussing the applicability of concrete structures for the Arctic regions. Although to a large extent dedicated to oil- and gas- related structures, the report is also relevant to other marine applications where the same design principles, material selection criteria and construction methods apply. fib Bulletin 50 is not in itself a code, nor is it a textbook. Rather, extensive reference is made to proven and readily available design codes and construction guides, as well as relevant papers and proceedings and other fib publications.