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Extreme weather and climate events, interacting with exposed and vulnerable human and natural systems, can lead to disasters. This Special Report explores the social as well as physical dimensions of weather- and climate-related disasters, considering opportunities for managing risks at local to international scales. SREX was approved and accepted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) on 18 November 2011 in Kampala, Uganda.
From Hurricane Katrina to the Mississippi River floods of 1927 and 2011, and from a high temperature of 115 degrees Fahrenheit to a low of -19, Mississippi has seen its share of weather extremes. In fact, Mississippi's rainfall can be described in terms of "feast or famine." Even during the feast years, the rain may come at the wrong time for farmers to plant crops or in unwanted quantities. The Pearl River flood of 1979 is an example of too much rain falling over a short period of time with disastrous consequences. Mississippi Weather and Climate explores some of the reasons behind these extremes. The book begins with a look at the factors that shape Mississippi's climate and then moves into a discussion of normal weather conditions. Three chapters take a closer look at some of Mississippi's most dramatic weather. Historical events including the Candlestick Park tornado, Hurricanes Camille and Katrina, and the ice storms of 1994 and 1998 are described in more detail. The book details Mississippi's past climate as well as its projected climate and explores what the future may hold for residents of the state. Finally, the last two chapters reveal how the weather and climate affect people, from the way homes were built in Mississippi's early days and the types of plants that thrive or die here to the way weather information is collected and reported in the form of a local TV weather forecast. Mississippi Weather and Climate is a fascinating look at the science behind the weather and how natural events affect the people and land in the Magnolia State.
Louisiana Weather And Climate Details The How And The Who Of Annual And Seasonal Weather Episodes Seen In The State Of Louisiana, Including Tropical Depressions, Tropical Storms, Hurricanes, Severe Thunderstorms, Lightning, Heavy Rainfall, Flooding, Tornadoes, And Economically Devastating Freezes. The Frequency And Variety Of Severe And Extreme Weather Is Higher Than In Most Other Regions Of The Country, Making It Exciting Reading Not Only For Students, But Also For The General Reader Interested In Weather And Climate. This Concise Volume Is Written At A Level Accessible To All Readers, Including Beginning Students In Meteorology And Climatology Courses. It Explains The Concepts Without Employing High Levels Of Mathematical Calculations Or Scientific Discourse. It Also Addresses The Effects That Climate Change Is Likely To Have On Louisiana With Examples Related To Rising Sea Levels, Increased Frequency And Severity Of Storms, And Much More. The Text Goes On To Outline How These Weather Phenomena Will Affect The Flora, Fauna, And Human Population Of The Region.
Society today may be more vulnerable to global-scale, long-term, climate change than ever before. Even without any human influence, past records show that climate can be expected to continue to undergo considerable change over decades to centuries. Measures for adaption and mitigation will call for policy decisions based on a sound scientific foundation. Better understanding and prediction of climate variations can be achieved most efficiently through a nationally recognized "dec-cen" science plan. This book articulates the scientific issues that must be addressed to advance us efficiently toward that understanding and outlines the data collection and modeling needed.
Summarizes the science of climate change and impacts on the United States, for the public and policymakers.
Extreme weather and climate events have significantly influenced society and the environment. As the world has warmed, the warmer temperatures have triggered the frequency, severity, and duration of other extremes. In this study, the spatial and temporal patterns of heatwave frequency and duration were analyzed in the Mississippi River Basin (MRB) using the validated reanalysis (NCEP-NCAR) data for 1948-2018. The heatwave was defined as at least two consecutive days when maximum temperature was higher than the 90th percentile. Over the 70-year period of study, the highest frequency of heatwaves was recorded in the west and north-west of the MRB with no significant increase over time. The results of the study confirmed the "warming hole" in the eastern-central United States with a significant decrease in the frequency of heatwaves. The longest heatwaves were found in southern and central MRB. Applying change-point analysis, an abrupt increase was found in the MRB in the percentage of area with heatwaves longer than 10 consecutive days since 1966. Impacts of heatwaves increase when multiple hazards occur simultaneously (e.g. heatwaves and high humidity) and lead to a compound extreme outcome. Heat-index was used to analyze the variability of compound high temperature and high humidity over time and space. Extreme daytime and nighttime hot-humid conditions were defined using the National Weather Services fixed thresholds. Spatially, southern MRB showed a higher frequency of extreme hot-humid events during both days and nights. There were no extreme nighttime hot-humid events in the east, west, and north-west MRB. Trend analysis discovered 16% and 8% significant upward trends in the daytime and nighttime extreme hot-humid events, respectively. In addition to single and bivariate extremes of the heatwave and hot-humid events, the trivariate extreme of hot, dry, and windy events (HDWs) was studied. Copula families, with the flexibility of modeling joint behavior of more than one variable, were applied to discover the probability of compound HDWs in the central United States. The empirical method (i.e., counting the frequency of events) was used to test the accuracy of the copula. Results discovered south-west Kansas and North Texas as hotspots, where most of the HDWs are expected. A combination of drought and heatwave, in 1980 and 2011, showed an accelerating influence on the frequency of HDWs. The dependence structure between variables (temperature, relative humidity, and wind) showed no influence on the compound HDWs in the warm season (May through September). Results suggested an increase in the risk of HDWs despite the wind speed drop in a majority of the central United States. The results of this study are useful for a better understanding of the nature and variability of single and compound extreme events in the central United States that would influence water resources, irrigation, crops, wildfire, and human, plant, and livestock health. Findings suggest a need for more effective risk management in discovered hotspots considering a changing climate.
This book is open access under a CC BY 4.0 license. This book takes an in-depth look at Louisiana as a state which is ahead of the curve in terms of extreme weather events, both in frequency and magnitude, and in its responses to these challenges including recovery and enhancement of resiliency. Louisiana faced a major tropical catastrophe in the 21st century, and experiences the fastest rising sea level. Weather specialists, including those concentrating on sea level rise acknowledge that what the state of Louisiana experiences is likely to happen to many more, and not necessarily restricted to coastal states. This book asks and attempts to answer what Louisiana public officials, scientists/engineers, and those from outside of the state who have been called in to help, have done to achieve resilient recovery. How well have these efforts fared to achieve their goals? What might these efforts offer as lessons for those states that will be likely to experience enhanced extreme weather? Can the challenges of inequality be truly addressed in recovery and resilience? How can the study of the Louisiana response as a case be blended with findings from later disasters such as New York/New Jersey (Hurricane Sandy) and more recent ones to improve understanding as well as best adaptation applications – federal, state and local?
There is climate change in this world. A climate crisis. The entire Earth is affected and some places worse than others. What about the Mississippi River flooding? It was bad this year and may be worse next year and every year from now on unless we make major changes in our abuse of the planet. Rain, rain, and more rain. And it is still going on. Some parts of the Earth are affected by extreme heat and droughts. Severe weather like hurricanes. Melting of our polar ice caps. The high water in the Mississippi River also affects the Delta where it enters the Gulf of Mexico. This area was where fish and shrimp had their young, but this year it is not happening because of the high water in the Mississippi. I am proposing a plan here to avoid the Mississippi flooding.The idea is to get the excess water out of the Mississippi basin and send it to where it is desperately needed out West. We could dig a huge canal for thousands of miles and spend many billions of dollars or it would be much easier to reverse the flow of some rivers flowing into the Mississippi, for instance the Arkansas River, and cause that water to flow west instead. The Arkansas River joins with the Canadian River and could flow through Oklahoma where the water is needed and at present the Canadian River is almost dry in some places.From there, the water could be routed into New Mexico and even Arizona through some of the nearly dry river beds. The water could be used for agricultural purposes and human consumption and for nature and wildlife. Bring the desert to life with the water from the Mississippi that otherwise is causing massive destruction from flooding almost every year. The key is the reversal of the water flow in the rivers. An example of flow reversal is the Chicago River that was reversed to carry sewage away from Lake Michigan. It can be done and large amounts of water can be routed to the West where it is needed.