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Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate factors related to purchasing less healthy foods among a sub-sample of the Latino population living in Long Beach, California. Specifically, purchasing less healthy foods were investigated by examining the effects of number of years in the United States, language use, language acculturation, household size, and participant age. Data were obtained from a childhood obesity prevention intervention titled "Sanos y Fuertes" or Healthy and Strong. Demographic forms were collected from Latino families with children between the ages of 2 and 8 years of age. There was no significant relationship observed between purchasing less healthy foods and number of years in the United States, language use, language acculturation, household size, and participant age. The findings signify that there may be other factors involved in food purchasing behavior. This study suggests further research using more in-depth scales that go beyond testing demographics.
Hispanics and the Future of America presents details of the complex story of a population that varies in many dimensions, including national origin, immigration status, and generation. The papers in this volume draw on a wide variety of data sources to describe the contours of this population, from the perspectives of history, demography, geography, education, family, employment, economic well-being, health, and political engagement. They provide a rich source of information for researchers, policy makers, and others who want to better understand the fast-growing and diverse population that we call "Hispanic." The current period is a critical one for getting a better understanding of how Hispanics are being shaped by the U.S. experience. This will, in turn, affect the United States and the contours of the Hispanic future remain uncertain. The uncertainties include such issues as whether Hispanics, especially immigrants, improve their educational attainment and fluency in English and thereby improve their economic position; whether growing numbers of foreign-born Hispanics become citizens and achieve empowerment at the ballot box and through elected office; whether impending health problems are successfully averted; and whether Hispanics' geographic dispersal accelerates their spatial and social integration. The papers in this volume provide invaluable information to explore these issues.
The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between acculturation indicators and metabolic syndrome (MetS) among Hispanic adults living in the Dallas-Fort Worth metropolitan area in Texas. MetS is a pressing public health problem, and Hispanics have the highest prevalence among all ethnic groups in the United States (35.4%). MetS is a cluster of five risk factors (blood pressure, waist circumference, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, fasting blood glucose, and triglycerides) that increase a person’s risk of developing cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Currently, Hispanics are the second-largest ethnic group in the United States, and more than one-third of the U.S. Hispanic population is foreign-born. As immigrants and subsequent generations are exposed to the mainstream U.S. culture, the process of acculturation impacts their lifestyle behaviors and health. Acculturation indicators (nativity, duration in the United States, and scores from the Short Acculturation Scale for Hispanics) and the five MetS markers were assessed among 128 adult participants. Logistic regression modeling was conducted to predict MetS status (present/not present) by acculturation indicators and covariates (sex, age, and education). Additional analyses were conducted to assess the relationship between each individual MetS marker, acculturation indicators, and the identified covariates. For every one-unit increase in a participant’s duration in the United States (measured in years), the likelihood of having abnormal blood pressure increased by 6% and the likelihood of having abnormal blood glucose increased by 5%. Results indicate increasing exposure to the mainstream American culture negatively impacts health risks and status among Hispanics. The primary treatment for MetS is lifestyle modification that includes regular physical activity, healthy eating, and weight loss. Health care providers can aid in reducing MetS prevalence by raising awareness of the condition and associated risk factors among their patients as well as recommending lifestyle modification to reduce their risk. Study results can aid health educators in planning, implementing, and evaluating health communication campaigns and health education/promotion programs to prevent MetS among Hispanics. Further examination of what changes occur in health behaviors that increase risk of MetS would provide further insight into why duration in the United States is associated with elevated blood pressure and elevated fasting blood glucose levels.
In this dissertation, I seek to examine changes in diet and other food behaviors that take place within and across generations of Mexican immigrants in the U.S.I present four studies, each of which addresses a set of common hypotheses. My first hypothesis is that well-documented shifts in diet that occur as Mexican immigrants spend time in the U.S and become more acculturated may represent just one aspect of a broader shift in food behaviors. I use data from the 2005-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and survey data that were collected as part of a community intervention study in East Los Angeles, California (East L.A. Community Survey) to examine the relationship between linguistic acculturation and a variety of food purchasing, preparation, and consumption behaviors among Mexican Americans. I present evidence of a broad shift in food behaviors as Mexican Americans acculturate, characterized by decreased home meal preparation and increased reliance on prepared and processed foods from restaurants and other food sources. My second hypothesis is that not all changes in food behaviors that occur within and across immigrant generations are the result of exposure to and adoption of U.S. culture, and thus should not be thought of as `dietary acculturation.' Rather, I argue that much of the change in food behaviors that occurs among Mexican immigrants and their offspring may result from shifts in social characteristics such as income, education, and urban exposure. For example, many immigrants migrate from rural areas in Mexico to large urban areas in the U.S., and educational attainment and socioeconomic status improve quickly among immigrants and their offspring. I argue that these important social factors would affect food behaviors in any country, and thus it is important to differentiate between their influence and shifts in food behaviors caused by exposure to and adoption of U.S. culture. I investigate my second hypothesis using data from adult participants in the 2006 Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición (National Health and Nutrition Study), a large population-based study conducted in Mexico. I examine patterns in food behaviors among Mexican adults, finding that food spending and consumption of foods prepared outside of the home increase dramatically with income, education, and urban versus rural residence. Thus, my findings suggest that many of the social differences between more-acculturated Mexican Americans from their less-acculturated counterparts would result in large social gradients in food behaviors within the Mexican population, even in the absence of exposure to and adoption of U.S. culture. I also examine my second hypothesis using data from the 2005-2010 NHANES and the East L.A. Community Survey. I assess whether any observed relationship between linguistic acculturation and food behaviors is explained by income, education, and other sociodemographic differences between more- and less-acculturated Mexican Americans. My findings suggest that much of the relationship between linguistic acculturation and food behaviors is explained by these other social factors, and thus not all changes in food behaviors that occur within and across immigrant generations should be labeled as 'dietary acculturation.'
Despite low socioeconomic status and lack of resources, Latinas are found to have better-than-expected birth outcomes, which deteriorate with higher US acculturation. In addition, as the incidence of obesity rises amongst Latinas, it is necessary to study this acculturation paradox in the context of obesity. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between US acculturation and poor birth outcomes, particularly examining preterm birth and/or low birth weight (PTLBW), in a sample of Mexican origin women. Furthermore, the differential effect of obesity on the association between acculturation and birth outcomes was examined. This was a longitudinal observational study using data from the Study for Hispanic Acculturation, Reproduction, and the Environment (SHARE). Participants were 1,062 pregnant women recruited from six Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics in San Joaquin County, California between 1999 and 2001. The majority of women were of Mexican descent at varying lengths of US residency. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the associations among acculturation, obesity and poor birth outcomes. Results demonstrated a significant association between US acculturation and PTLBW such that moderately acculturated women had over three times the odds of experiencing PTLBW, while low and highly acculturated women did not show an increased risk. In moderately acculturated women who were also obese, their chance of PTLBW decreased, indicating that obesity acted as a buffer for PTLBW. This effect was not demonstrated in low or highly acculturated women. In conclusion, this study re-examines the Latina Acculturation Paradox in the context of obesity. It is unique in that it demonstrates deviation from the paradox, as the most highly acculturated women did not experience the worst birth outcomes. Additionally, this is among the first study to demonstrate a protective effect of obesity in terms of perinatal health.
This study sought to examine food choice motives and influences among Oregon Latinos to gain a greater understanding of their dietary acculturation. Previous studies relying principally on quantitative methods to assess the relationship between acculturation and diet have reported inconsistent results, though a general decline in diet quality is reported with increased acculturation. In contrast, this research used quantitative and qualitative methods and revealed some positive dietary changes with increased acculturation. Quantitative surveys were used to collect data on frequency of consuming traditional Mexican foods versus mainstream American foods among self-identified Latino parents and their 10-13 year old children. Interviews were then conducted to elicit influential factors on making traditional Mexican vs. mainstream American food choices. Data from the surveys suggest that parents are consuming traditional Mexican foods at a higher frequency than the children and the children are consuming mainstream American foods at a higher frequency than the parents. The interviews elicited themes that included: preference for Mexican foods, a value for ethnic identity, perceptions for valuing both Mexican and mainstream American foods, a preference for fresh, homemade food, ease of maintaining Mexican foods upon immigration, acculturation impact upon food choice, family and social network influences, increased health knowledge, and heavy is healthy. The qualitative piece of the study suggests dietary acculturation is highly complex and qualitative methods may prove worthwhile in achieving clarity in understanding of the process.
With a population of 58 million in 2016, the Hispanic immigrant population in the U.S. is expected to grow nearly 30% by 2060 (Hispanic influence, 2016). Immigrants are affected by acculturation and often have difficulty maintaining their culture of origin. Prior studies have revealed acculturation influences on consumer behaviors, but despite the increased population and purchasing power of Hispanic immigrants in the U.S., few studies have explored the ways in which acculturation influences shopping behaviors for fashion products among Hispanic consumers. The purpose of this study is to explore the general attitude related to shopping (i.e., shopping orientation) of Hispanic immigrants, the acculturation level of those consumers, and the relationship between acculturation and shopping orientation. A snowball sampling was used to recruit a total of 15 married couples who were born and raised in a Hispanic country and moved to the U.S. after the age of 18. Interviews were conducted in Spanish, lasted about 60 minutes, and asked 20 open-ended questions. During the NVivo analysis process, interview data was categorized into key themes. Interview findings revealed that Hispanic immigrants maintain their original culture while adopting the host culture (i.e., integration). The majority of participants indicated that they prefer buying fashion products in the U.S. due to superior product quality (93%), affordable price (77%), convenient shopping (66%), national brands (63%), and customer service (43%). However, almost 70% of female participants indicated difficulties finding appropriate size and fit when buying clothing in the U.S. Hispanic immigrants tend to shop for clothing in their home countries when they want ethnic designs or leather goods and they are generally quality-conscious, price-conscious, brand-conscious, time-conscious, and recreational shoppers. These findings suggest a positive relationship between the integrated cultural values and shopping orientations of Hispanic immigrants.
Research has demonstrated a link between acculturation to the mainstream society and eating disorder behaviors among Mexican American women. The current study sought to identify mediators in the relationship between acculturation to the mainstream society and eating disorder behaviors, including internalization of sociocultural pressures of thinness and body dissatisfaction, to help inform research of the processes by which this relationship occurs. In the spirit of working from a strength-based framework, the study also sought to identify unique cultural variables that served as moderators in the relationship between acculturation to the mainstream society and internalization of sociocultural pressures of thinness. The study included a sample of 209 Mexican American women from Latino cultural organizations and Latino studies programs in universities across the U.S. Path analysis was conducted to test the overall model fit as well as specific hypothesized effects. Findings suggested that the model was not a goodfit to the data. In addition, results indicated that internalization did not mediate the association between acculturation and body dissatisfaction, whereas body dissatisfaction did mediate the association between internalization and both anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Results also indicated that ethnic identity did not moderate the link between acculturation and internalization, while familism did moderate this link. Further, acculturation was not significantly related to anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa, ethnic identity was significantly related to internalization, and familism was not significantly related to internalization. Findings are discussed in the context of multicultural research and theory as it relates to Mexican American women's lived experiences.
This 2 volume set comprises of the 4th edition of Volume 1 and the 5thth edition of Volume 2. The fifth edition of Volume 1 of Handbook of Obesity written by global experts covers the basic science aspects under the broad topic areas of epidemiology, etiology, and pathophysiology of obesity. Divided into 5 sections and detailed in 66 chapters, this edition covers the important advances occurring over the past decades. With a focus on science of obesity and factors participating in the etiology of obesity, this topic is studied from biological, behavioural, and environmental perspectives. Volume 1 is structured into 5 parts: Part 1 focuses on the history, definitions, and prevalence of the obesity. It identifies the historical references to excess weight, obesity in art and literature, direct and surrogate measurements of adiposity and obesity related traits, epidemiology of obesity around the globe, and age, sex, and ethnic variation completes this part of the volume. Part 2 explains the biological determinants of obesity. It explains the bioenergetics, energy dissipation mechanisms and exposure to experimental overfeeding, genetic and epigenetic evidence, metabolic rates, energy expenditure and energy partitioning, and the evidence on infections and adiposity. Part 3 describes the behavioral determinants of obesity. It deals with chapters related to food, beverages, and ingestive behavior, dealing with smoking, breast-feeding, and sleep duration and pattern, and sedentary behavior, occupational work, and leisure-time physical activity and obesity. Part 4 comprises of chapters explaining the environmental, social, and cultural determinants of obesity. The chapters in this section focus on the role of agriculture and the food industry in the current obesity epidemic, social and economic aspects of obesity, and ethnic and cultural differences, and environmental pollutants. Part 5 of this volume discusses the health consequences of obesity. The chapters address important topics such obesity and heart disease, lipoprotein metabolism, insulin resistance and diabetes, metabolic syndrome, cancer, hepatic biology, pulmonary functions, and arthritis and gout, mental health and quality of life, growth and health disorders in pediatric populations, and on bias and discrimination affecting the obese persons. Volume 2 of the 5th Edition of the Handbook of Obesity spotlights on clinical applications for evaluation, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of obesity. It covers on the several major developments occurred between the previous and the new edition, including the effect of SARS-CoV-2 on people with obesity, the concept of "Precision Medicine", and new medications approved by USFDA aiding patients with obesity weight loss of 15 to 20%. This volume is structured into 5 parts: Part 1 provides insights from evolution on changes in diet and physical activity, and the implications and results for preventing obesity, health care costs associated with obesity and the cost-effectiveness of obesity prevention and treatment. Part 2 deals with evaluation of overweight patients, approaches for classifying obesity and using this knowledge to evaluate patients, and addressing ethnic and racial considerations in evaluating patients with obesity. Part 3 explains the impact of lifestyle in managing obesity, which include behavioural management, diet, dietary composition, and meal timing, and the effects of physical activity and exercise in weight loss and weight loss maintenance. Part 4 is focused on medications in the management of obesity. This includes drug selection, various classes of drugs, combination of drugs affecting weight loss, effect of herbal agents on weight loss and treatment of obesity in pediatric populations, genetic diseases causing obesity and the role of drugs in treating the dyslipidemias. Part 5 discusses bariatric surgery, its history, procedure and effects in details, and other surgical techniques including electric stimulation of the vagus nerve, gastric balloons, intestinal liners, and liposuction.