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Sex discrimination is supposedly a distant memory. Yet popular books, magazines and even scientific articles defend inequalities by citing immutable biological differences between the male and female brain. Why are there so few women in science and engineering, so few men in the laundry room? Well, they say, it's our brains.
The transformation of women's lives over the past century is among the most significant and far-reaching of social and economic phenomena, affecting not only women but also their partners, children, and indeed nearly every person on the planet. In developed and developing countries alike, women are acquiring more education, marrying later, having fewer children, and spending a far greater amount of their adult lives in the labor force. Yet, because women remain the primary caregivers of children, issues such as work-life balance and the glass ceiling have given rise to critical policy discussions in the developed world. In developing countries, many women lack access to reproductive technology and are often relegated to jobs in the informal sector, where pay is variable and job security is weak. Considerable occupational segregation and stubborn gender pay gaps persist around the world. The Oxford Handbook of Women and the Economy is the first comprehensive collection of scholarly essays to address these issues using the powerful framework of economics. Each chapter, written by an acknowledged expert or team of experts, reviews the key trends, surveys the relevant economic theory, and summarizes and critiques the empirical research literature. By providing a clear-eyed view of what we know, what we do not know, and what the critical unanswered questions are, this Handbook provides an invaluable and wide-ranging examination of the many changes that have occurred in women's economic lives.
A noted pediatrician and child psychologist looks at the controversial question of biologically based gender differences, arguing that these variations are a biological reality and that they play a key role in the development of personality traits and intellectual and social skills. Reprint. 25,000 first printing.
“Beliefs about men and women are as old as humanity itself, but Fine’s funny, spiky book gives reason to hope that we’ve heard Testosterone rex’s last roar.” —Annie Murphy Paul, New York Times Book Review Many people believe that, at its core, biological sex is a fundamental force in human development. According to this false-yet-familiar story, the divisions between men and women are in nature alone and not part of culture. Drawing on evolutionary science, psychology, neuroscience, endocrinology, and philosophy, Testosterone Rex disproves this ingrained myth and calls for a more equal society based on both sexes’ full human potential.
Examines the changing role of women and men in shaping American life in education, work, and public and private life. Coverage includes the status of girls and boys in public education; the most interesting stories on the dynamics of gender on the state and national level; the status of women and gender equality in the corporate realm; power of images; and the dynamics of home life.
Based on careful analysis of burden of disease and the costs ofinterventions, this second edition of 'Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries, 2nd edition' highlights achievable priorities; measures progresstoward providing efficient, equitable care; promotes cost-effectiveinterventions to targeted populations; and encourages integrated effortsto optimize health. Nearly 500 experts - scientists, epidemiologists, health economists,academicians, and public health practitioners - from around the worldcontributed to the data sources and methodologies, and identifiedchallenges and priorities, resulting in this integrated, comprehensivereference volume on the state of health in developing countries.
A psychologist and business professor takes an in-depth look at decision-making, explaining the pitfalls people can avoid to stay on track with their decisions and reach their goals. 25,000 first printing.
Essay from the year 2010 in the subject Gender Studies, grade: 1,7, University of Newcastle upon Tyne (Communication and Culture), language: English, abstract: Lots of researchers define sex as a biological categorization, classifying people as male or female based on their sex organs (Basow 1992, Eckert & Mc-Connell-Ginet 2003) and interpret gender as the social forming of the biological sex. (Eckert & Mc-Connell-Ginet 2003). Butler agrees that gender is the cultural meaning of the sexed body but points out that the sexed body must not match with the biological sex. What this means is that the category ‘women’ can contain people with a male and a female body, it is the same with the classification ‘men’. For Butler, sex or the sexed body is a cultural defined category of gender (Butler 1990). There is lots of research in the field of gender differences in language use. This essay looked at varieties between the genders in verbal and nonverbal communication with the aim to find out which variables characterize the language use of each gender. In the field of talkativeness the researchers got opposite results, therefore nothing can be said about which gender has a larger amount of the conversation. Looking at the other points of comparison between the genders, it could be detected that woman use more affiliative speech which includes the use of different stylistic devices to avoid making a clear statements. Besides, the observation of their visual behaviour showed that women use their view for orientation and as a source for information (e.g. about their communication partner). Furthermore, they use eye contact for getting a feedback about their own behaviour from their communication partner, feeling uncomfortable when they can’t see their opposite. In addition women are more involved, use more expressions and feel easily embarrassed. Overall these results indicate unambiguously that women have a submissive communication style. Men on the contrary, use affiliative speech and directives. They have a more passive visual behaviour which is mainly lead by the visual input, the researchers could not observe men looking around for feedback about their behavior. Besides, men are more socially, tireless and relaxed. Looking at this result it could be detected men having a dominate communication style.
Gender roles are nowhere more prominent than in war. Yet contentious debates, and the scattering of scholarship across academic disciplines, have obscured understanding of how gender affects war and vice versa. In this authoritative and lively review of our state of knowledge, Joshua Goldstein assesses the possible explanations for the near-total exclusion of women from combat forces, through history and across cultures. Topics covered include the history of women who did fight and fought well, the complex role of testosterone in men's social behaviours, and the construction of masculinity and femininity in the shadow of war. Goldstein concludes that killing in war does not come naturally for either gender, and that gender norms often shape men, women, and children to the needs of the war system. lllustrated with photographs, drawings, and graphics, and drawing from scholarship spanning six academic disciplines, this book provides a unique study of a fascinating issue.