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EXPERT SYSTEMS, KNOWLEDGE ENGINEERING FOR HUMAN REPLICATION. An expert system is a computer program that attempts to replicate the expertise and decision-making abilities of a human expert. Expert systems are the most widely developed area of artificial intelligence, with a variety of applications ranging from medical diagnosis through to financial decision-making and geological prospecting. They often use a heuristic or self-learning approach to the solution of a problem, in which feedback of the results of a particular course of action influences subsequent decisions. Expert systems usually have two principal parts: a knowledge base (a special database, which contains facts and other information representing the rules and experience of an expert practitioner in a particular field); and an inference engine, which interprets the knowledge base in relation to the particular problem being presented.
Human nature is in abundance of fundamental dispositions and traits. Theories about the nature of humankind form a part of every culture. One traditional question centred on whether humans are naturally selfish and competitive. Philosophers have tried to explain human nature in its ability to behave morally and yet selfish enough to compete for more. A broader problem is that of determining which ostensibly fundamental human dispositions and traits are natural and which are the result of some form of learning or socialization. Recent research in genetics, evolutionary biology, and cultural anthropology suggests that there is a complex interaction between genetically inherited factors and developmental and social factors. Language use by humans is now generally recognized as genetically enabled, though the acquisition of any specific language also requires appropriate environmental stimuli. Behavioural differences between genders also appear to have a genetic basis, as does sexual orientation.
Science Fiction explores the probable consequences of some improbable or impossible transformation of the basic conditions of human (or intelligent non-human) existence. This transformation need not be a technological invention, but may be some mutation of known biological or physical reality: artificial or extraterrestrial life-forms and travel through time are favourite subjects. Science Fiction stories may involve Utopian political speculation, or satire, but most rely on the marvellous appeal of fantasy. The term Science Fiction was first given general currency by Hugo Gernsback, editor of the popular Amazing Stories magazine from 1926. Once uniformly dismissed as pulp trash, SF gained greater respect from the 1950s, as writers like Isaac Asimov, Ray Bradbury, Arthur C. Clarke, and John Wyndham expanded its range; themes of alien invasion and brain-washing became especially popular at the height of the Cold War.
The History of Systems, Engineering, and Technology are the terms used to describe the applications of computing and engineering in general. Such terms have become prevalent with the increasing use of computers, data processing, and information retrieval. The contents of this book deal with all processes within IT, architecture, telecommunications, operating system, applications languages, e-commerce, databases, machines, and their analyses. Under the section of Technology the book includes the history of technology, engineering in the ancient world, tools and weapons. The book also covers the recent manufacturing of military technology, agriculture, crafts, communications, and the atomic power. In this write-up the subjects of pharmaceuticals and medical technology, space exploration, science, criticisms of technology, the dilemmatic nuclear technology, and their histories are well presented. The population explosion and its impact in modern societies, education and crime, are discussed accordingly.
Wisdom: One of the most difficult explanations in all of the worldwide studies of the English philology is that of the term of 'wisdom', or that of 'to-be-wise'. To be wise one has, or exhibits reason with a capacity for discernment and the intelligent application of knowledge. As an individual he may use knowledge, thus being discerning, insightful, knowledgeable, perceptive, and sagacious. By being wise, an individual will be exercising or involving sound judgment and as such, a person is aware of his actions and his thoughtfulness. Wisdom is therefore an accumulation of philosophic, religious, or scientific learning and knowledge, with the ability to discern inner qualities and relationships, generally with accepted beliefs and attitudes.
This book includes simple definitions of philosophical concepts of great thinkers from around the world. Currently, the latest views of politics and the philosophical aspects of these are not helping any peaceful solutions; with the world powers striving for attention to their megalomaniac ambitions. The remarks that walls must be built to keep immigrants out, trade embargos and leaders of being weak are all negative. 'Fools build walls, wise men build bridges' makes sense and ought to encourage people to read more about political philosophy. This isolationistic attitude can be clearly defined by the psychotherapeutic branch of philosophy. In old age people regress to the earliest stages of their development. Thus Presidents, Prime Ministers and Leaders of Governments bear the same syndromes of regressive behaviour. In feeling omni-powerful the bigger nations take advantage of disagreements and conflicts; when they consider it appropriate to invade and cause havoc among the minorities.
As an author and a Systems Consultant, I am excited about the draft diagrammatical techniques described in this book. They are proving their worth in a troublesome area of systematic data processing: the analysis/definition of what a new or a converted system should do if it is to be of most value to the people who are paying for it. In writing this book, the author distinguishes the work of analysis (defining what the system 'will' do) from the work of design (defining 'how' it will do it), recognising that analysts often design and designers often do analysis. The author's idea of using draft hand drawn diagrams during the initial design of every stage of the system development is what is actually included in this book. All the examples of the diagrams shown are hand written. The system and its diagrams are based on a system developed by the author for a corporation. The discipline consists of an evolving set of techniques which have grown out of the success of structured analysis and the use of diagrams.
Interactive systems respond to instructions from users fast enough to allow transactions to be completed almost immediately. While the precise structure of the future interactive systems is not yet clear, many directions of growth seem apparent. The current designs and organisation of databases obviate the need to duplicate information in order to meet the various requirements of different groups of users, thus ensuring that the data always remain consistent. Additionally, the use of relational databases enable the Internet users a number of essential services; including data transfer, electronic mail and the ability to access information in remote databases. Integrated systems, therefore, are connected services making it possible for users to communicate with each other anywhere on the network. The safe running of systems needs to keep information protected from harm, theft, vandalism, fraud and invasion of privacy, which means continuous security development of software and hardware devices.
This book describes the prospects of the Internet and the Web as a system, covering: Surfing in Cyberspace, Fiction and Reality, Cyber-ethics, Social Interactions, other subjects related to the Internet and the World Wide Web. It covers the history of the Internet, its current functions and the possible growth of the Internet in the future. It includes the Internet as a hybrid medium, combining aspects of the printing press, the telephone, the public bulletin board, and the private letter. It also covers transmission without the physical plant required by conventional broadcasting. Also, the prediction of super-speed and a possible successor network, that of an 'information superhighway', a term which refers to a unified, interactive system of electronic communication.