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The availability of well-defined genetic strains and the ability to create transgenic and knockout mice makes mouse models extremely valuable biomedical tools. Their suitability as an experimental system for cardiovascular research depends on the individual investigator’s ability to manipulate the mice surgically. Many mouse models require microsurgical techniques, which hitherto could not be performed without practical training. This comprehensive handbook enables scientists to develop these models in their own laboratories. A Handbook of Mouse Models of Cardiovascular Disease is the first book to address pathology in mouse models of heart disease, providing the reader with essential information on technical assays in artificially created models. It includes background information on individual cardiovascular diseases, describes detailed methods and materials used for establishing each mouse model, discusses the problems that may appear in the experiments, and provides examples of applications of the model. A Handbook of Mouse Models of Cardiovascular Disease: Describes mouse models of all important cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, atrial fibrillation and thrombosis Features videos of key experimental procedures on the accompanying CD, allowing researchers to learn the techniques by directly watching the whole operational procedure Describes how to establish each experimental model with detailed protocols and tips on dealing with common operational problems Highlights potential applications of each model in areas such as pathogenesis, gene transfer, therapy and pathophysiology This handbook is an invaluable resource for researchers in cardiovascular disease, pathology, physiology, interested in the mechanism of vascular disorders and therapeutic approaches. It is also relevant to clinicians seeking to understand the pathology of cardiovascular disease and the rationale for interventions, and of interest to the pharmaceutical industry and all those involved in drug discovery/development for cardiovascular disease.
Animal Models for the Study of Human Disease identifies important animal models and assesses the advantages and disadvantages of each model for the study of human disease. The first section addresses how to locate resources, animal alternatives, animal ethics and related issues, much needed information for researchers across the biological sciences and biomedicine.The next sections of the work offers models for disease-oriented topics, including cardiac and pulmonary diseases, aging, infectious diseases, obesity, diabetes, neurological diseases, joint diseases, visual disorders, cancer, hypertension, genetic diseases, and diseases of abuse. Organized by disease orientation for ease of searchability Provides information on locating resources, animal alternatives and animal ethics Covers a broad range of animal models used in research for human disease
The availability of well-defined genetic strains and the ability to create transgenic and knockout mice makes mouse models extremely valuable biomedical tools. Their suitability as an experimental system for cardiovascular research depends on the individual investigator’s ability to manipulate the mice surgically. Many mouse models require microsurgical techniques, which hitherto could not be performed without practical training. This comprehensive handbook will enable scientists to develop these models in their own laboratories. It contains detailed advice on the issues that investigators need to consider before starting their experiments. It then provides essential information about experimental procedures, specific instruments and technical knowledge and will prove an indispensable guide to all scientists planning to work with these mouse models. This book includes a brief introduction to each disease, followed by a detailed description of the methods and materials used to establish the relevant mouse model. Each chapter has been written by an expert familiar with that system, who provides helpful discussion of the problems that may be encountered and examples of applications of the model. Importantly, each technique is clearly illustrated on the accompanying CD, so that researchers can observe the operational procedures directly. With coverage of all the major mouse models of cardiovascular disease, this book may be used to obtain a broad overview of commonly used methods and, more importantly, as a comprehensive source of detailed information on the development and study of such models. It will prove essential reading to all those working on experimental animal models of cardiovascular disease, from students to independent investigators.
Scientists working or planning to work in the field of cardiovascular research will welcome Methods in Cardiovascular Research as the reference book they have been waiting for. Not only general aspects of cardiovascular research are well presented but also detailed descriptions of methods, protocols and practical examples. Written by leading scientists in their field, chapters cover classical methods such as the Langendorff heart or working heart models as well as numerous new techniques and methods. Newcomers and experienced researchers alike will benefit from the troubleshooting guide in each chapter, the extensive reference lists for advanced reading and the great practical experience of the authors. Methods in Cardiovascular Research is a "must have" for anybody with an interest in cardiovascular research.
Interest in the humane and scientifically justifiable use of research animals has intensified since the publication of the first edition of this textbook. This completely revised and updated text provides information essential to any researcher interested in using animal models for cardiovascular research, or any research which requires normal cardiovascular function. The format and presentation have been changed to make the text more easy to read and use. An introductory chapter offers general principles of animal selection, pre and post-operative care, preanesthesia, chemical restraint, analgesia, and the recognition of pain. The number of references cited has been almost doubled over the previous text and the chapter tabulating normal cardiovascular parameters from intact, awake animals, of those species commonly used in research, has been greatly expanded. Other chapters providing comprehensive data on the cardiovascular effects of opioids, tranquilizers, anesthetic agents and other drugs commonly used in cardiovascular research have been expanded with special emphasis on species variability to drug effects. The chapters on both naturally occurring and iatrogenic models of cardiovascular disease have also been expanded and updated.
With advances in molecular and genomic research offering novel insights into cardiovascular diseases, many transgenic animal models have been recently developed and characterized. Currently, more than 90 percent of all laboratory animal experiments are conducted in mice and rats. Although there are many scientific advantages to using small animal models, it has been recently recognized that many exciting therapeutic targets identified in small animals are not validated in clinical trials in patients. Thus, suitable large animal models, particularly under conscious state with appropriate direct measurements of cardiovascular function, are needed to serve as a better translational bridge between preclinical and clinical studies. In this chapter, we primarily focus on surgically instrumented large animal models of common cardiovascular disease studied in the conscious state. In addition, several important physiological factors that influence the characteristics of the models, as well as the importance of proper data interpretation, will also be discussed.
How is the heartbeat generated? What controls the strength of contraction of heart muscle? What are the links between cardiac structure and function? How does our understanding of skeletal and smooth muscle and non-muscle cells influence our thinking about force development in the heart? Are there important species differences in how contraction is regulated in the heart? How do the new molecular data fit together in understanding the heart beat? What goes wrong in ischemia, hypertrophy, and heart failure? This book paints a modern `portrait' of how the heart works and in this picture the author shows a close-up of the structural, biochemical, and physiological links between excitation and contraction. The author takes the reader through a series of important, interrelated topics with great clarity and continuity and also includes many useful illustrations and tables. The book starts by considering the cellular structures involved in excitation-contraction coupling and then described the characteristics of the myofilaments as the end effector of excitation-contraction coupling. A general scheme of calcium regulation is described and the possible sources and sinks of calcium are discussed in simple, but quantitative terms. The cardiac action potential and its many underlying currents are reviewed. Then the characteristics of some key calcium transport systems (calcium channels, sodium/calcium exchange and SR calcium uptake and release) are discussed in detail. This is then built into a more integrated picture of calcium regulation in succeeding chapters by detailed discussions of excitation-calcium coupling mechanisms (in skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle), the interplay between calcium regulatory processes, and finally mechanisms of cardiac inotropy, calcium overload, and dysfunction (e.g., ischemia, hypertrophy, and heart failure). Excitation-Contraction Coupling and Cardiac Contractile Force – Second Edition is an invaluable source of information for anyone who is interested in how the heart beat is controlled and especially suited for students of the cardiovascular system at all levels from medical/graduate students through senior investigators in related fields.
Impairment, altered function or altered requirements of various organs lead to corresponding changes of cardiovascular system, especially its central organ, the heart. The heart adapts to the altered conditions and requirements by intensive remodeling. The remodeling is usually very complex, including both structural (e.g. hypertrophy, fibrosis) and functional (e.g. electrophysiological, contractile remodeling) changes. The remodeling is initially compensatory and beneficial optimizing the pumping function but gradually it may become detrimental (heart failure, life-threatening arrhythmias). In this chapter we have focused on three experimental models, in which the heart is not targeted primarily, however the primary disease eventually affects the cardiovascular system significantly: diabetes mellitus, renal failure, and dysfunctional autonomic innervation. Rat models of these three conditions are described in detail with special focus on methodological aspects and experimental results obtained in our laboratory.
Research centering on blood flow in the heart continues to hold an important position, especially since a better understanding of the subject may help reduce the incidence of coronary arterial disease and heart attacks. This book summarizes recent advances in the field; it is the product of fruitful cooperation among international scientists who met in Japan in May, 1990 to discuss the regulation of coronary blood flow.