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Past tsunami events were reviewed with the objective of evaluating observed structural response. Selected structures are described and used to evaluate the performance of different structural systems and materials during a tsunami event. In general, only engineered structural steel and reinforced concrete structures, and structures raised above the tsunami flow, were able to survive the tsunami forces without collapse or substantial structural damage.
Author Ian Robertson provides a comprehensive, authoritative guide to the new tsunami design provisions of Standard ASCE/SEI 7-16 using a series of detailed examples based on prototypical buildings.
The handbook contains a comprehensive compilation of topics that are at the forefront of many of the technical advances in ocean waves, coastal, and ocean engineering. More than 110 internationally recognized authorities in the field of coastal and ocean engineering have contributed articles in their areas of expertise to this handbook. These international luminaries are from highly respected universities and renowned research and consulting organizations around the world.
Insights and Innovations in Structural Engineering, Mechanics and Computation comprises 360 papers that were presented at the Sixth International Conference on Structural Engineering, Mechanics and Computation (SEMC 2016, Cape Town, South Africa, 5-7 September 2016). The papers reflect the broad scope of the SEMC conferences, and cover a wide range of engineering structures (buildings, bridges, towers, roofs, foundations, offshore structures, tunnels, dams, vessels, vehicles and machinery) and engineering materials (steel, aluminium, concrete, masonry, timber, glass, polymers, composites, laminates, smart materials). Some contributions present the latest insights and new understanding on (i) the mechanics of structures and systems (dynamics, vibration, seismic response, instability, buckling, soil-structure interaction), and (ii) the mechanics of materials and fluids (elasticity, plasticity, fluid-structure interaction, flow through porous media, biomechanics, fracture, fatigue, bond, creep, shrinkage). Other contributions report on (iii) recent advances in computational modelling and testing (numerical simulations, finite-element modeling, experimental testing), and (iv) developments and innovations in structural engineering (planning, analysis, design, construction, assembly, maintenance, repair and retrofitting of structures). Insights and Innovations in Structural Engineering, Mechanics and Computation is particularly of interest to civil, structural, mechanical, marine and aerospace engineers. Researchers, developers, practitioners and academics in these disciplines will find the content useful. Short versions of the papers, intended to be concise but self-contained summaries of the full papers, are collected in the book, while the full versions of the papers are on the accompanying CD.
Earthquakes and tsunamis are two major natural disasters, causing enormous life and material losses over the entire world, especially in the developing countries that are not well prepared. Since earthquakes and tsunamis are natural phenomena that cannot be prevented, a series of measures need to be taken to minimize the losses. Disaster mitigation covers a wide variety of activities involving numerous disciplines. Civil engineering makes probably the most effective contribution to the mitigation of life and material losses in earthquakes and tsunamis. This volume contains 11 major contributions of distinguished experts from various areas of civil engineering, and aims at informing the civil engineering community about the recent progress in disaster mitigation concerning earthquakes and tsunamis. It is designed to address the standard practicing civil engineer with the aim of carrying the scientific research results to the engineering practice in simple engineering language.
Tsunamis have the potential to inflict severe damage and loss of life in coastal communities. Structures known as vertical evacuation buildings provide an alternative evacuation site for communities living in relatively flat, coastal regions with inadequate sources of high ground for evacuation. Design of these structures balances risk and economy, and requires both technical and social design considerations. The design must be ductile enough to resist seismic vibrations and also strong enough to resist static and hydrodynamic loads and impact forces from floating debris. Uncertainties in the tsunami wave characterization and force determination promote over-conservative designs which may be cost-prohibitive to build. Previous to the March 11, 2011 earthquake and tsunami in Japan, well-engineered reinforced concrete structures were thought to withstand tsunamis; however, in the 2011 event, many engineered reinforced concrete buildings failed as the tsunami forces were greater than anticipated. In order to properly determine the forces on a structure, the tsunami waves must be adequately characterized; this process is called the Tsunami Hazard Analysis. The key factors used to characterize tsunamis are identified and their imbedded uncertainties are discussed. The Tsunami Hazard Analysis can provide a range of precision in its output values and therefore a tiered approach to the Tsunami Structural Analysis that follows the Tsunami Hazard Analysis is proposed. In the Tsunami Structural Analysis, the velocity and height parameters characterize the tsunami and are used to determine the actual forces on a structure. Three tiers have been provided based on the information available for the site based on the tsunami hazard assessment: Tier 1 includes only runup elevation or height parameters of the tsunami inundation. Tier 2 includes detailed depth and velocity information provided from a numerical model of the area. Tier 3 includes a time series of depth and velocity information and may use a fluid-structure interaction numerical model to determine the forces directly. The first two tiers can be found in various forms in existing guidelines. The third tier is recommended for important facilities such as tsunami vertical evacuation buildings. The existing methodologies in the guidelines for the design of Vertical Evacuation Buildings, such as FEMA P-646, are reviewed. Their advantages, uncertainties, and limitations in the context of the discussions on Tsunami Hazard Assessment and Tsunami Structural Analysis are discussed. Based on the findings of this research, a tiered design rationale is proposed in order to clearly categorize uncertainties in the force estimation process. In addition to the rationale, main conclusions of this research include: (1) tsunami parameter clarification, including assumptions/applicability of different depth, velocity, added mass coefficients, among other parameters; (2) identification of need for flow parameter (h2u2)[subscript max] for computing overturning moments with reduced uncertainty; (3) building shape effects, for example U-shaped building coefficients need to be developed for the estimation of drag force and also in the determination of realistic and governing tsunami force combinations; and (4) identification and applicability of critical flow conditions as well as appropriate force combinations. The four topics above are important to mitigate risk in the design of vertical tsunami evacuation buildings and to promote economical designs that are feasible for many communities.
This book details the analysis and design of high rise buildings for gravity and seismic analysis. It provides the knowledge structural engineers need to retrofit existing structures in order to meet safety requirements and better prevent potential damage from such disasters as earthquakes and fires. Coverage includes actual case studies of existing buildings, reviews of current knowledge for damages and their mitigation, protective design technologies, and analytical and computational techniques. This monograph also provides an experimental investigation on the properties of fiber reinforced concrete that consists of natural fibres like coconut coir and also steel fibres that are used for comparison in both Normal Strength Concrete (NSC) and High Strength Concrete (HSC). In addition, the authors examine the use of various repair techniques for damaged high rise buildings. The book will help upcoming structural design engineers learn the computer aided analysis and design of real existing high rise buildings by using ACI code for application of the gravity loads, UBC- 97 for seismic analysis and retrofitting analysis by computer models. It will be of immense use to the student community, academicians, consultants and practicing professional engineers and scientists involved in the planning, design, execution, inspection and supervision for the proper retrofitting of buildings.
FEMA initiated this project in September 2004 with a contract to the Applied Technology Council. The project was undertaken to address the need for guidance on how to build a structure that would be capable of resisting the extreme forces of both a tsunami and an earthquake. This question was driven by the fact that there are many communities along our nation's west coast that are located on narrow spits of land and are vulnerable to a tsunami triggered by an earthquake on the Cascadia subduction zone, which could potentially generate a tsunami of 20 feet in elevation or more within 20 minutes. Given their location, it would be impossible to evacuate these communities in time, which could result in a significant loss of life. Many coastal communities subject to tsunami located in other parts of the country also have the same potential problem. In these cases, the only feasible alternative is vertical evacuation, using specially design, constructed and designated structures built to resist both tsunami and earthquake loads. The significance of this issue came into sharp relief with the December 26, 2004 Sumatra earthquake and Indian Ocean tsunami. While this event resulted in a tremendous loss of life, this would have been even worse had not many people been able to take shelter in multi-story reinforced concrete buildings. Without realizing it, these survivors were among the first to demonstrate the concept of vertical evacuation from a tsunami. This publication presents the following information: General information on the tsunami hazard and its history; Guidance on determining the tsunami hazard, including the need for tsunami depth and velocity on a site-specific basis; Different options for vertical evacuation from tsunamis; Determining tsunami and earthquake loads and structural design criteria necessary to address them; and, Structural design concepts and other considerations. In September 2004 the Applied Technology Council (ATC) was awarded a “Seismic and Multi-Hazard Technical Guidance Development and Support” contract (HSFEHQ-04-D-0641) by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to conduct a variety of tasks, including the development of design guidance for special facilities for vertical evacuation from tsunamis, which ATC designated the ATC-64 Project. The effort was co-funded by FEMA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The developmental process involved a variety of activities including review of relevant research and state-of-the-practice documentation and literature, preparation of technical guidance and approaches for tsunami-resistant design, identification of relevant tsunami loads and applicable design criteria, development of methods to calculate tsunami loading, and identification of desired architectural and structural system attributes for vertical evacuation facilities. The resulting guidance for design of special facilities for vertical evacuation from tsunami, as presented herein, addresses a range of relevant issues. Chapter 1 defines the scope and limitations of the guidance. Chapter 2 provides background information on tsunami effects and their potential impacts on buildings in coastal communities. Chapters 3 through 7 provide design guidance on characterization of tsunami hazard, choosing between various options for vertical evacuation structures, locating and sizing vertical evacuation structures, estimation of tsunami load effects, structural design criteria, and design concepts and other considerations. The document concludes with a series of appendices that provide supplemental information, including examples of vertical evacuation structures from Japan, example tsunami load calculations, a community design example, development of impact load equations, and background on maximum flow velocity and momentum flux in the tsunami runup zone.