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Diagnosis of drain failure at an early stage is extremely important to detect and correct the problem before crop losses become serious or topsoil is damaged. Subsurface drainage systems are expensive, long-term investments but they are important to modern mechanized agriculture. The farmer can protect his investment and assure continuing adequate performance of his drainage system by initiating an inspection and maintenance program as a regular part of his farming operations. Drain performance should be evaluated at least once a year on a regular basis and at any time there is a hint of a developing drainage problem.
"The methods and criteria used herein apply to soils and ground-water where gravity drainage is possible." -- P.1.
During the 1960 frost melting period, the performance of subsurface drainage systems was investigated at selected airfields in the northern continental United States by periodic observations at manholes and/or risers. Records of air temperature, subsurface temperature, and precipitation were also maintained. The observations were one-time 'spot' notations, intended to determine the feasibility of performing more comprehensive studies and no quantitative measurements were undertaken; nor do the data obtained permit evaluation as to the overall effectiveness of the inspected systems or the validity of the criteria used in their design. However, the study showed that the observed subdrain systems were generally performing their function of removing subsurface water. The study also confirms the need for periodic inspection and maintenance of all subsurface systems. (Author).
This synthesis will be of interest to geologists; hydrologists; geotechnical, pavement, construction, and maintenance engineers; and researchers. State department of transportation (DOT) program managers and administrators will also find it of interest. The synthesis describes the current state of the practice for the design, construction, and maintenance of pavement subsurface drainage systems. It provides information on the positive effects of good subsurface drainage and the negative effects of poor subsurface drainage on pavement surfaces. This report of the Transportation Research Board presents data obtained from a review of the literature and a survey of the state DOTs. It is a supplemental update to NCHRP Synthesis of Highway Practice 96, Pavement Subsurface Drainage Systems (1982). The synthesis provides a supplement to design issues not found in Synthesis 96, but faced by current designers, e.g., type and quality of aggregate, compaction requirements for open-graded aggregates, asphalt and cement binders, and use of geosynthetics. In addition, it describes the effects of design, construction, and maintenance decisions on the performance of pavement subsurface drainage systems.
Reliable subsurface drainage systems for groundwater table and salinity control are needed to maintain or enhance the productivity of irrigated lands and to contribute to the rural development of lowlands in the humid tropic. This publication presents guidelines to assess the need for envelopes and for the selection of appropriate materials (i.e. pipes and envelopes) for the proper and lasting performance of subsurface drainage systems. In addition, it also contains guidelines for adequate installation and maintenance of drainage materials as well as the required specifications and standards of such materials, which may be used in tender documents for implementation of subsurface drainage works. The purpose of this technical paper is to provide this practical information to drainage engineers and contractors who are in charge of drainage projects.
A guide for evaluation of highway subsurface drainage needs and design of subsurface drainage systems for highways has been developed for application to Minnesota highways. The guide provides background information on the benefits of subsurface drainage, methods for evaluating the need for subsurface drainage at a given location, selection of the type of drainage system to use, design of the drainage system, guidelines on how to construct/install the subsurface drainage systems for roads, and guidance on the value of maintenance and how to maintain such drainage systems.
This project involved the evaluation of some configurations of pavement subsurface drainage systems, including the conventional edgedrain system, and two centerline configurations, at 2-foot and 4-foot depths. Testing of these configurations took place on a newly constructed eight-mile section of Nobles County CSAH 35 near Worthington. Drained roadway sections were 500 feet long for each drainage treatment. Each of the treatments was replicated six times, with the outflow for each replication outlet through a tipping-bucket flow monitoring system. The experimental design tested both the drain configuration and the effect of relative elevation of the roadway. Measurement of relative wetness of the pavement base and subgrade materials for each of the drainage treatments was conducted with a Geonics electromagnetic induction instrument (EM38). Data were collected from March 2006 until November 2008, with breaks during the winter periods. Statistical analyses were conducted to look for treatment effects, using both drained volumes as well as the EM38 measurements as measures of drain efficacy. Additional project work included a finite element analysis of the drainage configurations, EM38 evaluation of drainage effectiveness of an open-graded base construction for streets in the city of Worthington, and evaluation of the potential drain plugging effect of crushed concrete fill.