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The purpose of this manual is to present specific criteria and guidelines for evaluating and projecting the pollution potential of dredged material disposal in open water.
This report synthesizes data from the U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Dredged Material Research Program (DMRP), Task 1E. Task 1E consisted of seven research projects (work units) that investigated the pollution properties of dredged material and procedures for determining their potential for effect on water quality and aquatic organisms. The short-term impact of dredged material on water quality and aquatic organisms is related to the concentration of chemically mobile, readily available contaminants rather than the total concentration. The elutriate Test, which measures concentrations of contaminants released from dredged material, can be used to evaluate short-term impacts on water quality. Longer term impacts of dredged material on water quality have generally been slight and can be evaluated by means of the Elutriate Test and analysis of the mobile forms of sediment contaminants. No significant long-term increase in water column contaminant concentrations has been observed at any aquatic disposal field site. The greatest hazard of dredged material disposal is the potential effect of the material on benthic organisms. Most dredged material has not proven particularly toxic. Some dredged material has not proven particularly toxic. Some dredged material, however, can be extremely toxic or of unknown toxicological character. Benthic bioassay procedures are now available which can identify this toxic dredged material.
An extensive literature review was made as a part of an effort to establish relationships between the presence of various contaminants within sediments and the effects of sediment dredging and disposal on water quality and aquatic organisms. The review revealed that there is little or no evidence that a relation exists between bulk-sediment composition and pollution tendencies of dredged sediment. Use of criteria for dredged material disposal that are based on parameters normally used in evaluating environmental impact of domestic and industrial waste-waters is unrealistic because it is considered unlikely that there is a relation between environmental impact of a particular dredged sediment and a particular numerical value for any of these parameters in sediment. The use of a standard Elutriate Test to determine pollution potential of dredged material is superior to bulk analysis because the test recognizes that all chemicals in sediment are not equally available to aquatic organisms. It is concluded that dredged material disposal criteria should be based on a time-concentration-toxicity relationship for each chemical constituent, which could be developed from short-term bioassays with selected organisms. (Modified author abstract).
Dredged Material and Mine Tailings are two of the same thing once they are deposited on land: they must be safe-guarded, wash-out must be prevented, and they must be protected by a plantcover. This comprehensive two-volume treatise covers both important aspects of their management: Environmental Management of Solid Waste turns to the practical applications, such as prediction, restoration and management, while in Chemistry and Biology of Solid Waste the principles and assessment are scientifically studied and discussed. Previously, dredged material was a commodity, it could be sold as soil, e. g. to gardeners. In the meantime, dredged material from the North Sea (e.g. the Rotterdam or Amsterdam harbor) must be treated as hazardous waste. Many environmentalists, managers and companies do not know how to solve the inherent problems. This new work deals with the chemical, physical and biological principles; the biological and geochemical assessment; the prediction of effects and treatment; and finally, with restoration and revegetation. It is written by many leading scientists in the various fields, and will prove invaluable for managers and politicians who are concerned with the present environmental situation.
A laboratory study was made of the amenability of contaminated dredged material to various treatment procedures; the test results support the observation that many conventional wastewater treatment techniques are inapplicable and/or impractical prior to open-water disposal. Three alternative systems have demonstrated potential for the treatment of dredged material. In-line aeration provides a means of satisfying the immediate oxygen demand, thus reducing or eliminating the adverse effect of depletion of dissolved oxygen in the receiving water body. Treatment by confinement of dredged material in diked areas takes advantage of natural sedimentation processes to separate solid and liquid fractions. A system of vacuum filtration, though experimental, offers the advantages of a more rapid means of fraction separation and a smaller containment area than the confined area used for natural sedimentation treatment. An evaluation of 18 physical and chemical parameters commonly used as indices of the pollution potential of dredged material shows that bulk analysis methods do not provide an adequate assessment of the environmental effects of dredged material disposal.