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The volume and areal distribution of ground-water withdrawals (pumpage) for irrigation during 1980 are required for the High Plains Regional Aquifer-System Analysis. In 1979, approaches and instrumentation that might be suitable for application to 1980 water-use determinations were tested. Pumpage was sampled by monitoring time of operation and discharge of irrigation wells during the growing season. The total volume pumped during the irrigation season was compared to the crop type and acreage irrigated. This comparison provided a means of extending sampled pumpage information to unmonitored areas using irrigated cropland maps. A transient-time flowmeter and a vibration-sensitive timing device proved to be reliable in providing discharge and time of operation information, respectively. Statistical analysis of comparisons between pumpage and irrigated cropland indicated that significant differences existed in the amounts of water applied between flood and sprinkler irrigation systems. However, statistical analyses of differences in amounts of water applied for different crop types and for selected climatic factors were inconclusive. A variety of approaches were tested to develop the irrigated cropland maps needed to extend sampled pumpage data. Of the methods tested, only Landsat data proved to be effective for application to an area as large as the High Plains. The results obtained in the 1979 evaluation of instrumentation and pumpage sampling approaches have been used to formulate a strategy for monitoring irrigation water use in the High Plains in 1980.
This book covers water quality indices (WQI) in depth – it describes what purpose they serve, how they are generated, what are their strengths and weaknesses, and how to make the best use of them. It is a concise and unique guide to WQIs for chemists, chemical/environmental engineers and government officials. Whereas it is easy to express the quantity of water, it is very difficult to express its quality because a large number of variables determine the water quality. WQIs seek to resolve the difficulty by translating a set of a large number of variables to a one-digit or a two-digit numeral. They are essential in communicating the status of different water resources in terms of water quality and the impact of various factors on it to policy makers, service personnel, and the lay public. Further they are exceedingly useful in the monitoring and management of water quality. With the importance of water and water quality increasing exponentially, the importance of this topic is also set to increase enormously because only with the use of indices is it possible to assess, express, communicate, and monitor the overall quality of any water source. - Provides a concise guide to WQIs: their purpose and generation - Compares existing methods and WQIs and outlines strengths and weaknesses - Makes recommendations on how the indices should be used and under what circumstances they apply
In 1997, New York City adopted a mammoth watershed agreement to protect its drinking water and avoid filtration of its large upstate surface water supply. Shortly thereafter, the NRC began an analysis of the agreement's scientific validity. The resulting book finds New York City's watershed agreement to be a good template for proactive watershed management that, if properly implemented, will maintain high water quality. However, it cautions that the agreement is not a guarantee of permanent filtration avoidance because of changing regulations, uncertainties regarding pollution sources, advances in treatment technologies, and natural variations in watershed conditions. The book recommends that New York City place its highest priority on pathogenic microorganisms in the watershed and direct its resources toward improving methods for detecting pathogens, understanding pathogen transport and fate, and demonstrating that best management practices will remove pathogens. Other recommendations, which are broadly applicable to surface water supplies across the country, target buffer zones, stormwater management, water quality monitoring, and effluent trading.
This book is a landmark in the continuously changing world of drugs. It is essential reading for scientists and managers in the pharmaceutical industry who are involved in drug finding, drug development and decision making in the development process.
Introduces the reader to the production of the products in a refinery • Introduces the reader to the types of test methods applied to petroleum products, including the need for specifications • Provides detailed explanations for accurately analyzing and characterizing modern petroleum products • Rewritten to include new and evolving test methods • Updates on the evolving test methods and new test methods as well as the various environmental regulations are presented