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This report presents a revised overview of the EEA's EU 2010 biodiversity baseline report. The revision is necessary because the typology of ecosystems used in the 2010 report has since been altered by a working group of biodiversity experts. The EU 2010 biodiversity baseline report examined the state and trends of biodiversity and ecosystem components in the EU-27. The report was structured according to ecosystem types, and looked at eight ecosystem types in total: agroecosystems, grasslands, heath and scrubs, forests, wetlands, lakes and rivers, coastal ecosystems, and marine ecosystems. However, in 2011 a Working Group on Mapping and Assessment of Ecosystems and their Services (MAES WG) was set up under the Common Implementation Framework (CIF), the governance structure to underpin the effective delivery of the EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020. This Working Group ultimately formulated a different typology to the one used in the 2010 EEA report.^The Working Group was set up in order to support Action 5 of the EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020, which called on Member States to map and assess the state of ecosystems and their services in their national territory with the assistance of the European Commission. The first task of MAES WG was to support the development of a coherent analytical framework to be applied by the EU and its Member States in order to ensure consistent approaches in mapping biodiversity. Part of this task was to ensure that a common typology of ecosystems was used across Europe. Based on the work of MAES WG, the European Commission in April 2013 published a discussion paper entitled 'Mapping and Assessment of Ecosystems and their Services: An analytical framework for ecosystem assessments under Action 5 of the EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020'. The discussion paper outlined a new typology of ecosystems, and this new typology was discussed and further refined by MAES WG.^This refined typology has now become the recommended typology for EU biodiversity assessments, and is slightly different from the list of ecosystems used for the EU 2010 biodiversity baseline. The ecosystems used in the refined typology are: urban, cropland, grassland, woodland and forest, heathland and shrub, sparsely vegetated land, wetlands, rivers and lakes, marine inlets and transitional waters, coastal, shelf, open ocean. The EU 2010 biodiversity baseline report was compiled using the best available data. It can therefore still be used as a reference point to support the measurement of progress towards biodiversity targets. But due to the change of typology of ecosystems, the facts and figures provided in the report need to be recalculated to be aligned with the MAES typology. This report provides these necessary recalculations.
As the first indicator-based assessment of progress towards the European target of halting biodiversity loss by 2010, this report serves two purposes. First, it takes stock of the state of biodiversity and its loss in Europe based on the most recent data available. Second, it functions as a bridge to a comprehensive assessment of the 2010 target to be done in 2010. As such, the indicators in this report do not only show what is currently known. They also show where information is missing and what more needs to be measured and examined to enable a comprehensive assessment in 2010.
This book analyses the Habitats Directive; one of the most prominent piece of EU environmental legislation of the past decades. Seen by some as the cornerstone of Europe’s nature conservation policy, among other measures the Directive established the so-called "Natura 2000" ecological network, which covers more than 18% of the surface of the EU. However, despite the fact the Directive was adopted over twenty years ago only 17% of the protected habitats and species in Europe are being adequately protected while 10-60 % of animal species remain under threat. In light of the limited success and the contested nature of the Habitats Directive so far this book examines the successes and failures of the Habitats Directive from a legal and political angle. The book brings together international experts to consider the application, implementation and future of the Habitats Directive in order to assess whether the Habitats Directive is resilient enough to tackle biodiversity loss in the twenty- first century. Particular emphasis is put on the legal regime attached to the Natura 2000 network and its possible impact on land development and the relationship between the Habitats Directive and other topics including liability for ecological damage and transboundary nature conservation.
"The present report considers the status and trends of pan-European biodiversity in a range of ecosystems, and the implications of these trends for biodiversity management policy and practice. It considers the key biodiversity policy instruments currently applied in Europe, the threats to biodiversity and the management implications of such threats across major habitat types. The report makes use of Streamlining European 2010 Biodiversity Indicators (SEBI 2010) and other relevant national and regional information sources that the European Environment Agency coordinates."--Editor.
EU Environmental Law discusses the reality for legal practice throughout the EU, as environmental law of the Member States is becoming ever less 'national'. Consequentially European environmental regulation is becoming more complex and interrelated, making it an emerging field of study for European law graduates, and an area of increasing exposure to the legal profession. This book gives readers a thorough overview of core European environmental law, with a section on the basic framework and principles, as well as on substantive law issues giving insight into the legislation in the different sectors and the most topical developments.
In recent years, there has been a marked proliferation in the literature on economic approaches to ecosystem management, which has created a subsequent need for real understanding of the scope and the limits of the economic approaches to ecosystems and
Aquatic ecosystems are rich in biodiversity and home to a diverse array of species and habitats, providing a wide variety of benefits to human beings. Many of these valuable ecosystems are at risk of being irreversibly damaged by human activities and pressures, including pollution, contamination, invasive species, overfishing and climate change. Such pressures threaten the sustainability of these ecosystems, their provision of ecosystem services and ultimately human well-being. Ecosystem-based management (EBM) is now widely considered the most promising paradigm for balancing sustainable development and biodiversity protection, and various international strategies and conventions have championed the EBM cause and the inclusion of ecosystem services in decision-making. This open access book introduces the essential concepts and principles required to implement ecosystem-based management, detailing tools and techniques, and describing the application of these concepts and tools to a broad range of aquatic ecosystems, from the shores of Lough Erne in Northern Ireland to the estuaries of the US Pacific Northwest and the tropical Mekong Delta.