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Protected from slavers by the heavy surf and lack of harbours, the Cote d'Ivoire became a French colony in 1893. The cultivation of cocoa and coffee was introduced and today the country is one of the world's largest producers. In recent years the Cote d'Ivoire has become one of the most stable, and until the 1980s, one of the most prosperous countries in sub-Saharan Africa. President Houphouet-Boigny took power on independence in 1960 and retained it until his death in 1993, in spite of challenges to his authority. After independence, the President retained close links with France and the economy grew rapidly until the fall in cocoa and coffee prices. Since 1982, drought and rising government expenditure have resulted in debt crisis and austerity measures.
Cette etude est consacree aux pronoms substitutifs et aux pronoms possessifs dans les langues bantoues (branche Benue-Congo de la famille Niger-Congo). Dans ces langues qui possedent un systeme de classes, les deux types de pronoms sont etroitement lies. En effet, a partir de la classe 2, le substitutif, qui est forme d'un prefixe pronominal et d'un theme -o, entre dans la constitution du pronom possessif. Il est precede du pronom connectif dont la fonction est en general d'unir un nom ou un pronom a son complement. par contre, aux participants (1ere et 2eme personnes du singulier et du pluriel) ainsi qu'a la classe 1, les structures des deux pronoms sont variables et les liens qui les unissent sont nettement moins evidents. A partir de l'analyse des donnees recueillies dans pres de 300 langues bantoues, l'auteur nous propose les reconstructions protobantoues et tente d'expliquer les evolutions particulieres, regionales ou locales, en faisant appel a des mecanismes historiques bien connus.
A descriptive grammar of Mankon, a Ngemba language spoken in the province North-West of Cameroun. French text.
In the late seventeenth century Wala emerged as a small state in what is now northwestern Ghana. Its creation involved on the one hand warrior groups of Mande, Dagomba and Mamprusi origins, and on the other hand scholars from the centres of Muslim learning on the Middle Niger. Ivor Wilks traces the history of Wala from its beginnings to the present, paying particular attention to relations between the Muslim and non-Muslim elements in its population. He also examines the impact of Zabarima, Samorian, British and French intrusions into Wala affairs. By the use of orally transmitted traditions and recensions of these in Arabic and Hausa, he is able to show how the Wala themselves view their past. Wala is periodically convulsed by crises often resulting in communal violence. He suggests that the policy maker involved in the region's political problems needs a sound knowledge of Wala history and an understanding of the deeper structures of Wala society, especially in the context of official support for decentralization.
Lauterpacht, Sir Hersch. Private Law Sources and Analogies of International Law: With Special Reference to International Arbitration. London: Longmans, Green and Co. Ltd., 1927. xxv, 325 pp. Reprinted 2002 by The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. LCCN 2001041399. ISBN 1-58477-184-4. Cloth. $75. * A scientific look at the practice of the use of private law for the development of international law. Lauterpacht expands upon this subject with a useful discussion of international arbitration and international tribunals, and refers to numerous cases. An English international lawyer of Polish birth, Lauterpacht [1897-1960] offers a conception of his subject shaped by academic research and practical experience. He was Whewell Professor of International Law at Cambridge and a member of the Institute of International Law and the British Academy. He also served as a judge of the International Court of Justice and was a Bencher of Gray's Inn. Walker, The Oxford Companion to Law 716. The Lawbook Exchange has also published a reprint of his other noted work, The Function of Law in the International Community.