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Expression d'une critique à l'encontre des représentants de l'ordre social et politique, les émeutes tirent leur particularité de la brièveté et de la soudaineté de l'irruption dans la rue de la violence, celle des manifestants à laquelle répond celle des forces de " l'ordre ", légitimée par l'Etat. Comme le montrent les événements de 1965 au Maroc, le Jeudi noir de 1978 en Tunisie, ou Octobre 1988 en Algérie, les émeutes au Maghreb sont marquées d'une symbolique qui imprègne la vie nationale sur la longue durée. Cet ouvrage fait appel à plusieurs dimensions pour expliquer ces troubles. Approche économique qui peut considérer ces événements comme résultats des programmes d'ajustement structurel, de la sécheresse ou de l'exode rural ; produits de la maturation des contradictions qui traversent ces sociétés ; conséquences d'un manque de représentation politique ou exacerbation d'une crise politique ; ou encore résultats d'attentes déçues, de désillusions accumulées et d'un ressentiment croissant devant la perception des injustices. Ces approches croisées abordent des questionnements qui aident à la compréhension des désordres urbains, comme les transformations sociales qui traversent ces sociétés, les contradictions qui les affectent et la forme du quadrillage institutionnel, policier et politique, avant et au cours de ces mises en mouvement. Elles s'interrogent sur les manifestants eux-mêmes, individus jusque-là isolés, engagés spontanément ou mobilisés à l'initiative d'acteurs collectifs. Font-ils partie de la catégorie " d'exclus ", de victimes du chômage ou de la crise du logement, ou bien ne rassemblent-ils pas aussi des couches qualifiées de la population vivant mal leur domination ? En expliquant ces événements à partir de facteurs structurels et conjoncturels, sur la longue et courte durée, les contributions développées dans cet ouvrage montrent que les émeutes peuvent être tenues pour une expression du mouvement social qui engendre ébranlements et mutations de la société. La perspective comparée adoptée dans ce livre renforce l'analyse des émeutes au Maghreb au regard de la compréhension d'événements du même ordre en Iran, en France, en Grande-Bretagne et au Pays basque.
The great cities of the Middle East and North Africa have long attracted the attention and interest of historians. With the discovery and wider use over the last few decades of Islamic court records and Ottoman administrative documents, our knowledge of Middle Eastern cities between the seventeenth and early twentieth centuries has vastly expanded. Drawing upon a treasure trove of documents and using a variety of methodologies, the contributors succeed in providing a significant overview of the ways in which Middle Eastern cities can be studied, as well as an excellent introduction to current literature in the field.
Covering a period from the late eighteenth century to today, this volume explores the phenomenon of urban violence in order to unveil general developments and historical specificities in a variety of Middle Eastern contexts. By situating incidents in particular processes and conflicts, the case studies seek to counter notions of a violent Middle East in order to foster a new understanding of violence beyond that of a meaningless and destructive social and political act. Contributions explore processes sparked by the transition from empires — Ottoman and Qajar, but also European — to the formation of nation states, and the resulting changes in cityscapes throughout the region.
This book offers a systematic examination of the politics of Middle Eastern cities in a broad historical and comparative context. Focusing on the contribution of informal networks, the author examines four types. He reveals that, contrary to recent claims, informal associations do not necessarily play a stabilizing role in urban politics, but reveal themselves to be effective instruments for mobilizing popular dissent. Denoeux identifies conditions under which these informal urban networks can change their role from system-supportive to system-challenging. His analysis highlights the impact of Islam on contemporary forms of urban violence in the Middle East, and emphasizes the destabilizing potential for the urban poor. His approach sheds new light on the politics of Islamic fundamentalism and on the nature of urban unrest in a vital yet neglected region of the world and represents a very significant contribution to an emerging literature on informal political processes.
In an atmosphere of growing concern over the threat posed by Islamist violence, political Islamism has become the most important of geopolitical issues. In the process, it has been misrepresented. Contrary to what many believe, Islamist movements are characterised by their diversity. Revisiting the main arguments and explanations that have been used over the past twenty years to understand Islamist activism, moderate as well as militant, Salwa Ismail here proposes a rethinking of Islamist politics. The phenomenon of political Islam is determined by macro and micro-level changes in the Muslim world, such as the retreat of the welfare state across the Middle East, and the subsequent expansion in the role of informal political activists in the popular neighbourhoods of such cities as Algiers or Cairo. Ismail examines both levels to explain the socio-economic and political settings out of which Islamism has developed. Her focus is both the economic and political environments that fomented Islamism, and the structures of Islamist movements themselves (from their ideologies to their modes of action). Looking at Islamism as a form of contestation politics, Ismail offers a reassessment of its failures and successes - limited, as it is, by its use of violence, but capable of real mobilisation at a popular level. "Rethinking Islamist Politics" will be vital reading for anyone seeking to understand such spectacular expressions of Islamism as the September 11th attacks, but also the everyday struggles of ordinary people which Islamism embodies.
At all levels of government--from the international to the local--public policies are formulated mainly by men, but their impacts are felt, sometimes differently, by women, men, and children. This book considers the impact of public policy on various aspects of women's lives, including sex and birth, marriage and death, work and child rearing, and women's responses to those policies. Written by scholars who have lived on five continents, the chapters span the First and Third Worlds, with several providing case illustrations of policies affecting women in Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Written by scholars from several disciplines, the volume includes the fields of economics, politics, and planning. Literature also is covered, along with women's fiction as a source of women's opinions. The work is divided into two sections. The first section, Economic Policies and Migration, considers the impact of economic and demographic policies. The second section, Sex and Marriage, Violence and Control, considers policies relating to women's interpersonal relationships. Urban culture is discussed in an epilogue.
In this innovative book, Keith Watenpaugh connects the question of modernity to the formation of the Arab middle class. The book explores the rise of a middle class of liberal professionals, white-collar employees, journalists, and businessmen during the first decades of the twentieth century in the Arab Middle East and the ways its members created civil society, and new forms of politics, bodies of thought, and styles of engagement with colonialism. Discussions of the middle class have been largely absent from historical writings about the Middle East. Watenpaugh fills this lacuna by drawing on Arab, Ottoman, British, American and French sources and an eclectic body of theoretical literature and shows that within the crucible of the Young Turk Revolution of 1908, World War I, and the advent of late European colonialism, a discrete middle class took shape. It was defined not just by the wealth, professions, possessions, or the levels of education of its members, but also by the way they asserted their modernity. Using the ethnically and religiously diverse middle class of the cosmopolitan city of Aleppo, Syria, as a point of departure, Watenpaugh explores the larger political and social implications of what being modern meant in the non-West in the first half of the twentieth century. Well researched and provocative, Being Modern in the Middle East makes a critical contribution not just to Middle East history, but also to the global study of class, mass violence, ideas, and revolution.
This book reconstructs the intellectual and political encounters with Nazism in Lebanon and Syria under French mandate rule and situates them in the context of an evolving local political culture.