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En el contexto del desarrollo sostenible y del cambio climatico, y en el caso particular de la Estaciones Depuradoras de Aguas Residuales (EDAR), la practica habitual de quemar el biogas en la antorcha no puede considerarse una solución valida actualmente. Dicho gas, es rico en metano. Por tanto, posibilita su uso como fuente de energía renovable para diversas aplicaciones, tales como la producción de energía y calor (cogeneración). Hoy en día, existen varias soluciones comerciales convencionales que permiten aprovechar el poder calorífico del biogas: motores de combustión interna y las microturbinas. En la actualidad, existe la posibilidad de otra tecnología alternativa: las pilas de combustible. Estas ultimas pueden convertirse en una alternativa muy interesante para la aplicación en EDARS, ya que ofrecen un mayor rendimiento electrico y un menor impacto ambiental. En particularidad, las pilas de combustible de carbonatos fundidos (MCFC), son idóneas para ser aplicadas en una depuradora, ya que una de las ventajas principales respecto a las demas, es que el C02 presente en el biogas se puede utilizar como reactivo en el proceso de operación de la pila. Ademas, trabajan a altas temperaturas, por tanto son mas tolerantes a las impurezas que contiene el combustible, mientras que en otras pueden causar envenenamiento. Sin embargo, los requerimientos de pureza del biogas en la entrada de estas unidades, su coste económico asociado y el hecho de que esten todavfa en un nivel pre comercial (aunque ya existen algunos sistemas comerciales: Direct Fuel Cell) hace que, por el momento, todavía no sean sistemas competitivos respecto a las turbinas de gas o a los motores de combustión interna para la generación de electricidad a partir de biogas. Este estudio evalua, tanto económicamente como ambientalmente, la posibilidad de implantación de una pila de combustible tipo MCFC, alimentada con biogas generado en una EDAR en concreto. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que este tipo de pilas, aun no son plenamente competitivas con las tecnologías actuales, aunque distintos factores pueden hacer que lo sean. Por un lado, una reducción de los costes de inversión mediante subvenciones o a traves del abaratamiento de los procesos de fabricación incrementaría su competitividad. Como tambien una mejora de la tarifa de venta de electricidad, para esta tecnología, justificable con sus ventajas medioambientales la situaría en una posición favorable.
Soil and Sediment Remediation discusses in detail a whole set of remediative technologies currently available to minimise their impact. Technologies for the treatment of soils and sediments in-situ (landfarming, bioscreens, bioventing, nutrient injection, phytoremediation) and ex-situ (landfarming, bio-heap treatment, soil suspension reactor) will be discussed. The microbiological, process technological and socio-economical aspects of these technologies will be addressed. Special attention will be given to novel biotechnological processes that utilise sulfur cycle conversions, e.g. sulfur and heavy metal removal from soils. Also the potential of phytoremediation will be highlighted. In addition, treatment schemes for the clean-up of polluted megasites, e.g. harbours and Manufactured Gaswork Plants (MGP), will be elaborated. The aim of Soil and Sediment Remediation is to introduce the reader in: the biogeochemical characteristics of soil and sediments- new techniques to study soil/sediment processes (molecular probes, microelectrodes, NMR) clean up technologies for soils polluted with organic (PAH, NAPL, solvents) or inorganic (heavy metals) pollutants- preventative and remediative strategies and technologies available in environmental engineering novel process applications and bioreactor designs for bioremediation the impact of soil pollution on society and its economic importance.
This book presents the research results of an interdisciplinary study on climate change policies by the Enforcing Environmental Policy (EEP) Network, a project supported by the Human Dimension Potential Programme. Contributions are from highly qualified economic and legal specialists based at research institutes across Europe. The book gives answers to several questions related to the implementation of the international rules on climate change, most notably the Kyoto Protocol. It analyses ways and means to facilitate and encourage compliance with the objectives of the Kyoto Protocol. It is addressed to policy-makers, academics, business-sector and stakeholders throughout and outside Europe. Due to its interdisciplinary approach, this work is a distinctive and unique product compared to the existing literature on the subject. The effective implementation of climate protection and clean air policy requires an understanding of the political, legal and economic structures and constraints facing policy makers - and this is exactly what this book offers.
Cities of Tomorrow is a critical history of planning in theory and practice in the twentieth century, as well as of the social and economic problems and opportunities that gave rise to it. Trenchant, perceptive, global in coverage, this book is an unrivalled account of its crucial subject. The third edition of Cities of Tomorrow is comprehensively revised to take account of abundant new literature published since its original appearance, and to view the 1990s in historical perspective. This is the definitive edition, reviewing the development of the modern planning movement over the entire span of the twentieth century.
A unique approach to the challenges of complex environmental systems Environmental Transport Processes, Second Edition provides much-needed guidance on mass transfer principles in environmental engineering. It focuses on working with uncontrolled conditions involving biological and physical systems, offering examples from diverse fields, including mass transport, kinetics, wastewater treatment, and unit processes. This new edition is fully revised and updated, incorporating modern approaches and practice problems at the end of chapters, making the Second Edition more concise, accessible, and easy to use. The book discusses the fundamentals of transport processes occurring in natural environments, with special emphasis on working at the biological physical interface. It considers transport and kinetics in terms of systems that involve microorganisms, along with in-depth coverage of particles, size spectra, and calculations for particles that can be considered either spheres or fractals. The book's treatment of particles as fractals is especially unique and the Second Edition includes a new section on exoelectrogenic biofilms. It also addresses dispersion in natural and engineered systems unlike any other book on the subject. Readers will learn to tackle with confidence complex environmental systems and make transport calculations in heterogeneous environments with mixtures of chemicals.
This is the second volume on Environmental Nanotechnology. The first chapter discusses the synthesis of nanomaterial and mainly the green synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials. Furthermore, a comperative discussion about resistive and capacitive measurement of nano-based biosensor is reviewed and the efficient delivery of nutraceutical with the help of nano-vehicles are explained. Moreover, the book also includes reviews on such topics as nanopharmaceuticals, health benefits and the toxic impact of heavy metal nanomaterials and the impact of several nanomaterials on plant abiotic stress and have focussed on the long term impacts of nanomaterials on agroecosystems. The reader will also find presentations on molecularly imprinted polymeric nanocomposites, critical and comparative comments on Nano-biosensors and Nano-aptasensors and on applications of nanotechnology for the remediation and purification of water with a main focus on drinking water. The last chapter presents a comprehensive review on plasmonic nanoparticle based sensors whereby the authors have hypothesized the future applications in the environment which can be plausible in the near future.
The book provides an overview on various microorganisms and their industrialization in energy conversion, such as ethanol fermentation, butanol fermentation, biogas fermentation and fossil energy conversion. It also covers microbial oil production, hydrogen production and electricity generation. The content is up to date and suits well for both researchers and industrial audiences.