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Comprises 20 essays chosen from the nearly 150 papers which were presented in English at the Luodi-shenggen International Conference on Chinese Overseas at the U. of California-Berkeley in 1998. Topics include the political position of the Chinese in post-independence Malaysia; the implications of name change for Indonesian-born Chinese; Chinese and Blacks in 19th century Cuba; the Chinese retail grocery trade in Jamaica; Chinese migration to Italy; the Chinese in Papua New Guinea; and Hong Kong Chinese immigrants in Toronto, Canada. Times Academic Press is in Singapore; distribution in the US is by ISBS. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR
"This dissertation consists of three essays discussing the migration issue in China. Each chapter employs empirical and quantitative applied microeconomics methods. The first chapter studies the impact of the public school enrollment restriction on migrant children in China. Migrant children are disadvantaged and sometimes cannot enroll in public schools in migration destinations due to some policy restrictions. Some migrant workers have to leave their children behind in their hometowns, which causes the left-behind children problem. In this study, I first identify the peer effects of migrant children and left-behind children on their classmates using classroom random assignment. I then analyze the human capital consequences of the enrollment restriction on migrant students within a spatial equilibrium model. My results show that there are negative spillovers from migrant and left-behind students. The negative effect is generally larger from left-behind students, but both shrink over time. In the counterfactual analysis, I find that if the enrollment restriction on migrant children is relaxed, migration of parents and children will increase, and the average human capital in the society will also increase. Low-skill families from small cities benefit most. This policy increases human capital mainly through two channels. First, it directly increases enrollment in good public schools and alleviates the left-behind children problem. Second, it attracts more parents to take their left-behind children to migrate with them and indirectly reduces the total spillovers. This is the first formal quantitative analysis of public school enrollment policy in China. The second chapter studies the role of migration and housing constraints in determining income inequality within and across Chinese cities. Combining microdata and a spatial equilibrium model, we quantify the impact of the massive spatial reallocation of workers and the rapid growth of housing costs on the national income distribution. We first show several stylized facts detailing the strong positive correlation between migration inflows, housing costs, and imputed income inequality among Chinese cities. We then build a spatial equilibrium model featuring workers with heterogeneous skills, housing constraints, and heterogeneous returns from housing ownership to explain these facts. Our quantitative results indicate that the reductions in migration costs and the disproportionate growth in productivity across cities and skills result in the observed massive migration flows. Combining with the tight land supply policy in big cities, the expansion of the housing demand causes the rapid growth of housing costs, and enlarges the inequality between local housing owners and migrants. The counterfactual analysis shows that if we redistribute land supply increment by migrant flow and increase land supply toward cities with more migrants, we could lower the within-city income inequality by 14% and the national income inequality by 18%. Meanwhile, we can simultaneously encourage more migration into higher productivity cities. The third chapter studies the effects of both the number and the gender of children on rural-to-urban parental migration in China. We propose a new semiparametric method to solve an identification difficulty in previous studies and estimate the two effects separately at the same time. We find that having more children promotes rural-to-urban parental migration. Moreover, parents respond more significantly to the presence of boys than to the presence of girls. Without considering the effect of child gender, the instrumental variable estimate for the effect of children number will be strongly downward biased and result in a misleading policy implication"--Pages ix-xi.
The essays in this book originate from a joint project between the National University of Singapore (NUS) and University of California in Los Angeles (UCLA) on the theme of Chinese emigration and settlement, with reference to the process of adaptation. The papers here feature the Chinese immigrants in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore--the problems they faced in the Western colonies; their social, cultural, and economic activities; and their attempts to adjust to the new environment especially after these colonies became independent. The process of change and adaptation is reflected in their communities and their literature.
Human behaviors are usually affected by social environment and policies or rules imposed by the governors. Nowadays we observe an increase in interactions between different communities around the world, partly as a result of transportation development and economic integration. Identity as a product of social environment becomes the link or tool for cooperation and confrontation in these interactions. Migration shaped by policies or rules also attracts increasing attention for the opportunities, problems, and conflicts that it brings to different areas involved. It is thus important to understand how identity affects group interactions and how migration is affected by policies or rules. What researchers often neglect is that the policy or regulation impact can be shaped by multiple interacted channels at the same time. For Chapter 1, titled “Favoring your in-group can harm both them and you: ethnicity and public goods provision in China”, with my coauthors César Mantilla, Charlotte Wang, Donghui Yang, and Suping Shen, and Paul Seabright, we conducted lab-in-the-field experiments in Xishuangbanna, home to 25 out of 55 official Chinese ethnic minorities. We find that participants in trust games send around 15% more to partners they know to be co-ethnics than to those whose ethnicity they do not know. Receivers' behavior is determined by amounts received and not by perceived ethnicity. In line with the previous literature we find that subjects contribute more to public goods in ethnically homogeneous groups than in mixed groups. We find evidence for a new explanation that is not due to different intrinsic preferences for cooperation with ingroup and outgroup members. Instead, subjects' willingness to punish in-group members for free-riding is reduced when out-group members are present. This leads to lower contributions and net earnings in mixed groups. Thus favoritism towards co-ethnics can hurt both those engaging in favoritism and those being favored. In Chapter 2, titled “Marriage, Migration, and Migration Policy: Evidence from Hukou Reform in China”, I focus on two questions. First, how much do marriage prospects affect individual's migration choices? Second, how does marriage shape the effectiveness of migration policies? To study these questions, I develop a dynamic migration and marriage model where migration policies regulate migrant access to local benefits. I show that merit-based migration policies have very limited effects on migrant composition if we take into account the marital gains and spouse adjustments to policies. Empirically, I estimate the model using Chinese data. I first show that intermarriage opportunities drive 10% of migration of singles aged 20-35 in 2000. I then show that if migrants could obtain local hukou right after migration, the migrant inflows of young people to large cities would increase by 2 times in 2000. Neglecting the indirect policy impact through marriage markets, we would underestimate the migration of men by about 30% and of women by 40% in large cities. In Chapter 3, titled “Revealed or Forced: Migration Response to Pollution Disclosure”, co-authored with Zichen Deng, we examine the impact of pollution information disclosure on individual location responses to air pollution. The inference of information value can be misleading if we attribute the behavioral changes after information disclosure only to misperception. This paper studies the impact of an influential national air quality information disclosure program in China in 2013-2015 on individual migration responses to air pollution. Specifically, we exploit the roll-out of this program and the variation in regional initial pollution. The migration measures are obtained from detailed individual migration history in the Population Census 2015. We demonstrate that the resulting migration responses are not only due to changed perception of health risk [...].
This dissertation is comprised of three chapters on the interaction between migrants and their source regions applied to China and Vietnam. The first chapter examines whether remittances are related to receivers' trust and trustworthiness in Vietnam. Using a combination of a field experiment conducted in 2010 and the “2002 Vietnam Household Living Standards Survey”, the chapter finds that while internal remittances have no significant relationship to trusting behavior, international remittances demonstrate a significantly positive connection. On the other hand, international remittances are negatively related to trustworthiness, while internal remittances are positively associated. Besides, this study finds that the level of trustworthiness is higher in the south than in the north. The second chapter explores the role of children by age and by gender as a motive for return migration in China by using a rural household survey conducted in Wuwei County (Anhui province) in 2008. Resorting to a discrete time proportional hazard model and a binary Probit model to estimate respectively the determinants of migration duration for both on-going migrants and return migrants, and the return intentions of on-going migrants, the chapter finds consistent results regarding the role of left-behind children as a significant motive for return. The last chapter examines the impact of the migration experience on individuals' choice of being self-employed upon their return to their home villages. By using the same data of Wuwei survey, the chapter finds that return migrants are more likely to be self-employed than non-migrants, and that both return savings and the frequency of job changes during migration increase the likelihood for return migrants to become self-employed.
This volume of essays by Li Minghuan documents the extraordinary story of contemporary Chinese transnational migration.
China has experienced dramatic increase in interregional migration flows since the 1990s, in which rural-urban movements have accounted for a large proportion. The consistently rising number of rural famers moving to urban areas for off-farm employment opportunities stimulates the farmland transfers through a land rental market. Traditional agricultural behaviors may be affected with more land being rented out as well as the growing concern about the tenure security. The main objective of this dissertation is to investigate the driving factors of interregional migration and how the adoption of straw retention, a typical conservation practice, is influenced under different land tenure categories in the context of China. The first essay explores the role of local climate conditions in spurring migration over the period 2000 to 2010. I develop a robust empirical approach to measure the relative importance to migration of two categories of variables, including natural amenities and economic factors. I also construct a disaggregated prefecture level panel data set which allows accounting for both within province migration flows and prefecture-specific characteristics such as the Hukou policy. Empirical findings generated from a correlated random effects (CRE) model reveal that climate conditions are important determinants of migration in China. Specifically, prefectures with warmer winter, cooler summer, and more available sunshine are more attractive to migrants. Economic factors such as income level and employment opportunities are also important drivers of population growth.