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Social and medical developments have recently led to a dramatic increase in life expectancy. This has inspired the study of organismic changes associated with healthy ageing, in particular the erosion of homeostatic capabilities in multiple endocrine systems. This book reviews advances in the understanding of endocrine facets of ageing. It considers the relative magnitudes and time courses of different endocrine adaptations in the ageing human and experimental animal, addressing the influence of external factors on the rates of progression of endocrine sequelae in ageing, the mechanisms that underlie the disarray of endocrine axes in ageing, and the implications of therapeutic reconstitution of hormones in ageing. This book: Considers the mechanisms of ageing and hormonal changes that occur with age. Discusses healthy ageing and the relationships between hormonal changes and pathophysiological conditions such as atherosclerosis and age-related bone loss. Draws together contributions from basic and clinical research, to identify and stimulate promising new research directions.
At the beginning of the 20th century, life expectancy at birth in North America and Western Europe was around 50 years of age. Nowadays, women have gained more than 30 years of age and men are trailing closer. However, according to several sociologists such as Louis Chauvel, the notion of a "greying society" is not entirely adequate since aging people are physically and socially younger and more active for a longer time. Of course, the other side of the medal is to tackle the challenge of preventing age-associated chronic diseases. In this book the extensive field of research on neuroendocrine aging has been reviewed. Aging is one of the most complex biological processes determined by the interactions between genetic and environmental factors.
Endocrinology of Aging: Clinical Aspects in Diagrams and Images presents chapters in a way that allows the reader to incorporate concepts and complex facts in a visual way. As the global population becomes older, the need for a deeper understanding of geriatric pathology increases, and with it, there becomes a greater need to access educational resources on the endocrinology and metabolism of aging. According to the United Nations, the number of people aged 60 years or over in the world is projected to be 1.4 billion in 2030 and 2.1 billion in 2050, hence this is a timely resource. Divided according to specific endocrine and metabolic systems, providing evidence-based content Addresses physiological changes that alter the pathophysiology of the clinical picture Considers the patient transitioning from young adult to elderly, discussing endocrinological challenges to discern physiology from pathology Focuses on age as an essential factor for diagnostic and endocrine management
One of the most demanding aspects regarding the endocrinology of aging is to determine the extent to which hormones change with age, independent of age-related pathologies, and the clinical significance of these changes. The emphasis of the present volume is on function, as it is of particular interest to many nonspecialists under what circumstances endocrine therapy may be useful in the elderly. For this purpose, leading investigators in their respective fields review the most important hormonal systems affected by aging. Furthermore, to facilitate the utility of the reviews particularly for nonspecialists, the book emphasizes the critical analysis of specific issues: The extent to which the hormones considered really do change with age, especially in humans; the physiological significance and the causes of these changes; and the prospects for treatment. Additionally, this volume also includes reviews on subjects such as cytokines, the sympathetic nervous system and leptin, which have not been traditionally considered in reviews of endocrine systems. However, while the concept of hormone replacement in the elderly is promising, as the chapters in the present volume indicate, much more research is necessary to determine under what circumstances such therapy is appropriate rather than counterproductive.
This second edition of Health Aspects of Aging serves to broaden the perspectives of societal change due to increases in life expectancy, as well as the effects of age-related changes as they impinge upon the provision of health care for older persons. The growing presence of a large number of persons aged 65 and older worldwide has propelled a re-evaluation of the nature of life that is protracted to 100 years and beyond. The emphasis in this second edition is to replace the prevailing problem approach to aging by a problem-solving approach. The problem-solving approach of this volume has all.
One of the hallmarks of aging is the decreased capacity to adapt to changes in the environment. In a constant, controlled environment, it is often difficult to distin guish the functioning of the young organism from that of the old. However, when stresses are applied-temperature stresses, dietary stresses, infection, emotional stresses-the differences are more apparent. Frequently, the response ofthe old is delayed and may never reach the same mag'nitude as the young. These responses, in most cases, are mediated by the neuroendocrine system, which communicates via hormones, neurotransmitters, and related substances. Thus, it is important to understand the age-related changes that take place in the secretion and act ion of these substances and how these changes relate to the well-being of the whole organism. Indeed, the "neuroendocrine theory of aging" proposes that almost all of the characteristics of aging can be accounted for by dysfunction of the neuroendocrine system. A book on endocrine function and aging is particularly relevant at this time. With the advent of the techniques of molecular biology, there has bee~ an explo sion of knowledge concerning hormone secretion and action. Hormones, pro hormones, hormone receptors, and "second messenger" mediators rapidly are being cloned and sequenced. Such knowledge gives us important insights into the molecular workings of these substances as well as into the genetic hasis of endo crine dysfunction. These new tools are now being applied to the problem of age related changes in endocrine function.
Illness in old age is characterised by vague and atypical presenting features which are often missed and wrongly attributed to the ageing process. This is particularly true of endocrine disorders where hypothyroidism may mas querade as dementia, where electrolyte imbalance may cause lassitude, and where diabetes mellitus may produce a wide range of complications com monly associated with ageing. It is our intention that our book provide straightforward practical guidance in this difficult area by delineating the effects of ageing on endocrine function and the clinical consequences of these; and by describing in detail the wide range of presenting clinical fea tures of endocrine disease in the elderly. Physicians are also often baffled and misled by the effects of ageing and disease on laboratory tests used in the investigation of endocrine disease. Our book describes these changes in detail, and gives guidance on which tests are most appropriate. Ageing and disease also produce subtle changes in the response of patients to drugs and replacement, and this is also dis cussed in detail. Subjects included separately and in depth include thyroid disease, the clinical features and treatment of diabetes, postmenopausal changes, bone disease, fluid and electrolyte imbalance, energy imbalance, and drugs caus ing endocrine and metabolic disorders. These have been chosen because we consider that they present problems which are particularly relevant to the elderly. Many other issues are covered in general textbooks of endocrin ology and have been omitted.