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One-dimensional (1-D) nanostructures, such as nanowires and nanotubes, are attractive building blocks for electronics because of their small sizes, which provide for extremely high density devices, and their unique properties that emerge from their diminutive sizes and increased surface to volume ratios. In addition their extremely high aspect ratios offer researchers the potential to build striped and coaxial structures with different components aligned along the cylindrical or radial axis of the wire, respectively. Composition modulation can be used to incorporate multiple functionalities from intrinsic properties of the material or through interfacial phenomena. However, spatial manipulation and the ability to assemble and position nanostructures in a controlled manner so they are registered to lithographically defined contacts is a critical step toward scalable integration in high-density nanodevices. In this dissertation a generalized template directed approach with ancillary assembly, contact, and displacement techniques were utilized to synthesize and characterize individual nanostructures from uniquely configured conducting polymer, magnetic, and semiconductor nanomaterials for sensor and spintronic applications.
Sensors are the devices, which are composed of an active sensing material with a signal "transducer". The role of these two important components in sensors is to transmit the signal without any amplification from a selective compound or from a change in a reaction. These devices produce any one of the signals as electrical, thermal or optical output signals which could be converted in to digital signals for further processing. One of the ways of classifying sensors is done based on these output signals. Among these, electrochemical sensors have more advantage over the others because; in these, the electrodes can sense the materials which are present within the host without doing any damage to the host system. On the other hand, sensors can be broadly classified in to two categories as chemical sensors and biosensors. The biosensors can be defined in terms of sensing aspects, where these sensors can sense biochemical compounds such as biological proteins, nucleotides and even tissues [1-4]. Within these sensors, the active sensing material on the electrode should act as a catalyst and catalyze the reaction of the biochemical chemical compounds to obtain the output signals [1,5, 6]. The combination of these two different ways of classifications has given rise to a new type of sensors which are called electrochemical biosensors, where the electrochemical methods are applied for the construction and working of a biosensor [ l, 7-9]. The selection and development of an active material is a challenge. The active sensing materials may be of any kind as whichever acts as a catalyst for sensing a particular analyte or a set of analytes. The recent development in the nanotechnology has paved the way for large number of new materials and devices of desirable properties which have useful functions for numerous electrochemical sensor and biosensor applications [l, 10-14]. Basically by creating nanostructure, it is possible to control the fundamental properties of materials even without changing their chemical composition. In this way the attractive world of low dimensional systems, together with the current tendencies on the fabrication of functional nanostructured arrays could play a key role in the new trends of nanotechnology [ 1, 15-17]. Further, the nanostructures can be used for both efficient transport of electrons and optical excitation, and these two factors make.
The NODEPD symposium addressed the most recent developments in nanoscale electronic and photonic devices, encompassing one dimensional novel devices, processing, device fabrication, reliability, and other related topics.
Functionalized Nanomaterial-Based Electrochemical Sensors: Principles, Fabrication Methods, and Applications provides a comprehensive overview of materials, functionalized interfaces, fabrication strategies and application areas. Special attention is given to the remaining challenges and opportunities for commercial realization of functionalized nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors. An assortment of nanomaterials has been investigated for their incorporation into electrochemical sensors. For example, carbon- based nanomaterials (carbon nanotube, graphene and carbon fiber), noble metals (Au, Ag and Pt), polymers (nafion, polypyrrole) and non-noble metal oxides (Fe2O3, NiO, and Co3O4). The most relevant materials are discussed in the book with an emphasis on their evaluation of their realization in commercial applications. Application areas touched on include the environment, food and medicine industries. Health, safety and regulation considerations are touched on, along with economic and commercialization trends. Introduces the principles of nanomaterials for electrochemical sensing applications Reviews the most relevant fabrication strategies for functionalized nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensing platforms Discusses considerations for the commercial realization of functionalized nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors in the environment, food and point-of-care applications
Nanotechnology has become one of the most important fields in science. Nanoparticles exhibit unique chemical, physical and electronic properties that are different from those of bulk materials, due to their small size and better architecture. Nanoparticles can be used to construct novel sensing devices; in particular electrochemical sensors. Electrochemical detection is highly attractive for the monitoring of glucose, cancer cells, cholesterol and infectious diseases. Unique nanocomposite-based films proposed in this book open new doors to the design and fabrication of high-performance electrochemical sensors.
After the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov "for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene," even more research and development efforts have been focused on two-dimensional nanostructures. Illustrating the importance of this area in future applications, Two-Dimensional Nanostructures covers the fabrication methods and properties of these materials. The authors begin with discussions on the properties, size effect, applications, classification groups, and growth of nanostructures. They then describe various characterization and fabrication methods, such as spectrometry, low-energy electron diffraction, physical and chemical vapor deposition, and molecular beam epitaxy. The remainder of the text focuses on mechanical, chemical, and physical properties and fabrication methods, including a new mechanical method for fabricating graphene layers and a model for relating the features and structures of nanostructured thin films. With companies already demonstrating the capabilities of graphene in a flexible touch-screen and a 150 GHz transistor, nanostructures are on their way to replacing silicon as the materials of choice in electronics and other areas. This book aids you in understanding the current chemical, mechanical, and physical processes for producing these "miracle materials."
Abstract: Electrochemistry, based on the study of an electrochemical reaction at the interface between an electrode and an electrolyte, is having a profound effect on the development of different fields of science and engineering including battery, fuel cell, electrochemical sensor, electrochromic display, electrodeposition, electroplating, electrophoresis, corrosion, and so on. The performance of the electrochemical reaction depends strongly on the nature of the employed electrode such as structure, chemical composition, and surface morphology. Nanomaterials, notable for their extremely small feature size (normally in the range of 1-100 nm), exhibit new properties which are different from those of bulk materials due to their small size effect. In past decade, nanomaterials have been widely used to develop new strategies for designing electrode and its surface morphology for electrocatalysis and electrochemical sensing applications. My work is aimed at exploring the application of low dimensional nanomaterials (nanotubes and nanoparticles) in electrocatalysis and electrochemical biosensors. Electrocatalysis plays an important role in energy and industrial applications. As one of the most attractive support materials for electrocatalyst, carbon nanotubes have been extensively reported to enhance the performance of various electrochemical catalytic reactions. In recent years, carbon nanotubes with a bamboo-like structure due to nitrogen doping have become a hot topic of increased interest in the field of electrocatalysis because of the unique bamboo shaped structure associated properties. In this work, bamboo shaped carbon nanotubes, synthesized by chemical vapor deposition method, were investigated for ethanol/methanol electro-oxidation, respectively. Small sized platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs) were dispersed onto BCNT surface through an impregnation method. The role of nitrogen doping in the formation of bamboo shaped structure and its effect in the electrochemical performance of CNTs were discussed. The electrochemical studies showed that the as-prepared Pt/BCNTs electrocatalysts indeed exhibited a remarkable enhancement in catalytic activity for methanol/ethanol oxidation compared to that of the Pt/commercial CNT electrocatalysts. In order to further investigate the potential of using BCNTs as bioelectrocatalyst support materials, a hybrid organic-inorganic nanocomposite film of BCNTs/polymer was constructed to immobilize an enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to examine the direct electrochemical behavior of the enzyme towards electrocatalysis process of H2O2. The results indicated that the immobilized HRP onto the film retains its good bioelectrocatalytic activity to H2O2. The defective sites on the BCNTs surface induced by nitrogen doping could help to promote the direct electron transfer between enzyme and the electrode. The BCNT/polymer film structure provides a vast array of new opportunities to use BCNTs as building units for bioelectrochemical and biomedical applications. Compared to carbon nanotubes, TiO2 nanotubes have much better biocompatibility and show greater potential as implant materials. The advantages of TiO2 nanotube array include high biocompatibility, good corrosion resistance in biological environments and highly ordered one dimensional nanotubular geometry. Herein, a well performing non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose biosensor by using CuO nanoparticle decorated TiO2 nanotube array electrode was developed. Well-aligned TiO2 nanotube arrays were successfully synthesized by electrochemical anodization. Highly uniform CuO nanoparticles were electrodeposited onto TiO2 nanotube arrays through a two-step method and used to electrocatalyze the glucose oxidation. The proposed electrode produced a high sensitivity of 239.9 [mu]A mM−1 cm−2 and a low detection limit of 0.78 [mu]M with good stability, reproducibility, selectivity and fast response time, suggesting its potential to be developed as a low-cost nano-biosensor for glucose measurements in human fluids. The final work of this thesis presents a simple sandwich-type electrochemical impedance immunosensor with antitoxin heavy-chain-only VH (VHH) antibodies labeled gold nanoparticles as the amplifying probe for detecting Clostridium difficile toxins. Gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) with diameter of ~13-15 nm were synthesized and characterized by transmission electron microscopy and UV-vis spectra. The electron transfer resistance of the working electrode surface was used as parameter in the measurement of the biosensor. With the increase of the concentration of toxins from 1pg/mL to 100 pg/mL, a linear relationship was observed between the relative electron transfer resistance and toxin concentration. In addition, the detection signal was enhanced due to the amplification effect. This proposed method achieved a limit of detection for TcdA and TcdB as 0.61 pg/mL and 0.60 pg/mL, respectively. The pilot study with spiked clinical stool samples showed promising results, indicating the designed biosensor has a great potential in clinical applications.