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DeFelice presents this intricate subject in an easy-to-follow, stepwise fashion: he reviews the fundamentals of electricity; transfers those principles to a biological context; and expands the discussion to encompass the subject's practical dimensions. Clear definitions and intuitive descriptions characterize the presentation, which is complemented by over 150 drawings and graphs. Mathematics is kept to the minimum necessary. The text covers both excitable and non-excitable membranes and includes the plasma membrane as well as intracellular membranes. A unique, `electronics-made-simple' appendix, designed specifically for biologists, treats the operational amplifiers used in patch clamp, and other appendices offer solutions to equations and examples that illustrate principles.
Cellular Physiology of Nerve and Muscle, Fourth Edition offers a state of the art introduction to the basic physical, electrical and chemical principles central to the function of nerve and muscle cells. The text begins with an overview of the origin of electrical membrane potential, then clearly illustrates the cellular physiology of nerve cells and muscle cells. Throughout, this new edition simplifies difficult concepts with accessible models and straightforward descriptions of experimental results. An all-new introduction to electrical signaling in the nervous system. Expanded coverage of synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity. A quantitative overview of the electrical properties of cells. New detailed illustrations.
Cellular biophysics is the branch of biophysics that studies cells from the perspective of a physicist or physical chemist by applying physical methods to interrogate cell structure and function, and developing models of cells using physics and physical-chemical principles. The fundamental unit of all biological life is the cell, a mass of biomolecules in watery solution surrounded by a cell membrane. One of the characteristic features of a living cell is that it controls the exchange of electrically charged ions across the cell membrane and therefore the electrical potential of its interior relative to the exterior. The organization and activities of cells are major themes in cellular biophysics, and studies have focused on observing complex structures inside cells, detecting cellular activities, and extending methods developed to study purified biological molecules to microscope-based cellular measurements. Microscopy, which functions across multiple scales of time and spatial resolution, is at the center of these studies. Most cells and tissues have electrical properties relevant to their natural function. Most cells and tissues have rather complex structure, consisting of folding and invaginating membranes and specialized connections and organelles. The localization of electrical properties is particularly important, since each of the complex structures must be expected to have a specific role in the electrical function of the tissue. Cellular Biophysics, Electrical Properties fosters progress and innovations in comprehending the nature of the biophysical mechanisms underlying the control of cellular physiological homeostasis and the consequences of its perturbation. Electrical signals are fundamental to nervous system function. The electrical properties of cells are important in determining how electrical signals spread along plasma membrane. This Advanced Topic explores the electrical characteristics of cell membranes as electrical conductors and insulators. These passive electrical properties arise from the physical properties of the membrane material and from the ion channels in the membrane. This book will serve as valuable guide for advanced graduate students and researchers dealing with the bioengineering, biophysics, physiology, and neuroscience areas, and will serve as a valued tool for biophysicists as well.
A number of apparently unrelated phenomena in biological systems (e.g., biopolymer aggregation, cell-cell interactions, ion transport across membranes) arise from the special properties of charged surfaces. A sym posium entitled "Electrical Double Layers in Biology", which took place at the Toronto meeting of the Electrochemical Society, 12-17 May 1985, focused on the common features of these phenomena. The papers presented at that symposium are collected here and they illustrate ways in which an under standing of electrical double layers can elucidate a problem in Biology. An example of this approach can be seen from the paper I presented on ion transport and excitation, where the "unusual" ion flows during nerve excitation are actually expected if one includes the effects of electrical double layers at membrane surfaces. Furthermore, the selectivity of the ion channels in these membranes can be better understood on this basis. Other presentations account for such observations as the changes in spacing between muscle proteins during contraction, the interactions of red cells to form rouleaux, the electrical properties of algal cell membranes, electrokinetic potentials during blood flow in arteries, etc. I trust that these papers will indicate the value of electrochemistry in the study of biological systems, an area of research usually called Bioelectrochemistry, and will encourage biologists to use these ideas when approaching related problems.
An informal and highly accessible writing style, a simple treatment of mathematics, and clear guide to applications, have made this book a classic text in electrical and electronic engineering. Students will find it both readable and comprehensive. The fundamental ideas relevant to the understanding of the electrical properties of materials are emphasized; in addition, topics are selected in order to explain the operation of devices having applications (or possible future applications) in engineering. The mathematics, kept deliberately to a minimum, is well within the grasp of a second-year student. This is achieved by choosing the simplest model that can display the essential properties of a phenomenom, and then examining the difference between the ideal and the actual behaviour. The whole text is designed as an undergraduate course. However most individual sections are self contained and can be used as background reading in graduate courses, and for interested persons who want to explore advances in microelectronics, lasers, nanotechnology and several other topics that impinge on modern life.
Cellular Biophysics is a quantitatively oriented basic physiology text for senior undergraduate and graduate students in bioengineering, biophysics, physiology, and neuroscience programs. It will also serve as a major reference work for biophysicists. Developed from the author's notes for a course that he has taught at MIT for many years, these books provide a clear and logical explanation of the foundations of cell biophysics, teaching transport and the electrical properties of cells from a combined biological, physical, and engineering viewpoint. Each volume contains introductory chapters that motivate the material and present it in a broad historical context. Important experimental results and methods are described. Theories are derived almost always from first principles so that students develop an understanding of not only the predictions of the theory but also its limitations. Theoretical results are compared carefully with experimental findings and new results appear throughout. There are many time-tested exercises and problems as well as extensive lists of references. The volume on the electrical properties of cells covers both electrically inexcitable cells as well as electrically excitable cells such as neurons and muscle cells. Included are chapters on lumped-parameter and distributed-parameter models of cells, linear electric properties of cells, the Hodgkin-Huxley model of the giant axon of the squid, saltatory conduction in myelinated nerve fibers, and voltage-gated ion channels.
obvious properties, its structure, composition, electrical properties, me chanical properties, and most particularly, its permeability properties. None of these properties are obviously associated with surface enzymes. What are the functions of the cell surface that may require the presence of enzymes? From a purely hypothetical point of view, the cellular activities in which cell surface enzymes are potentially functional can be divided into two categories; first, those activities related to the production and maintenance of the cell surface structure itself, and second, those activities which are concerned with interactions between the cell and its environment. During growth of a cell, as it enlarges, new structural ma terial must be synthesized and assembled in the cell membrane. Although it is conceivable that new structural material is synthesized in the interior of the cell, it is difficult to visualize its complete synthesis and final assembly in the periphery of the cell, without the assistance of enzymes at the site. In the case of non-growing cells, although no net synthesis of new structural material is necessary, the turnover of the various components by a continuous degradation and resynthesis must be considered as a pos sibility.