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En la primera parte se analiza el fundamento de los regímenes de responsabilidad previstos en los diferentes instrumentos internacionales que regulan el contrato de transporte internacional de mercancías, así como los antecedentes históricos del fundamento de la responsabilidad civil en el contrato de transporte que se encuentra en el modelo para la responsabilidad contractual del transportador o ex receptum del derecho romano que implicó un criterio objetivo, o sin culpa, limitado por la fuerza mayor. La segunda parte se dedica al análisis de los criterios que han justificado la limitación de la responsabilidad al régimen subjetivo en los instrumentos internacionales que regulan el contrato de transporte internacional de mercancías, en los que la regla general dicta que no es el daño el que fundamenta el deber de reparar, es el daño acompañado de la culpa o reproche, que el ordenamiento jurídico infiere se origina en la conducta que despliega el dañador y de esta forma conceden a la culpa ser el fundamento de la responsabilidad. En la tercera parte se estudia el régimen de responsabilidad civil que debería regir el contrato de transporte internacional de mercancías que permita tutelar los intereses del cargador, quien se ve descompensado con la prueba de la razonable y necesaria diligencia, o de cualquiera de las amplias causales de exoneración de la responsabilidad de las que dispone el porteador.
En la primera parte se analiza el fundamento de los regímenes de responsabilidad previstos en los diferentes instrumentos internacionales que regulan el contrato de transporte internacional de mercancías, así como los antecedentes históricos del fundamento de la responsabilidad civil en el contrato de transporte que se encuentra en el modelo para la responsabilidad contractual del transportador o ex receptum del derecho romano que implicó un criterio objetivo, o sin culpa, limitado por la fuerza mayor. La segunda parte se dedica al análisis de los criterios que han justificado la limitación de la responsabilidad al régimen subjetivo en los instrumentos internacionales que regulan el contrato de transporte internacional de mercancías, en los que la regla general dicta que no es el daño el que fundamenta el deber de reparar, es el daño acompañado de la culpa o reproche, que el ordenamiento jurídico infiere se origina en la conducta que despliega el dañador y de esta forma conceden a la culpa ser el fundamento de la responsabilidad. En la tercera parte se estudia el régimen de responsabilidad civil que debería regir el contrato de transporte internacional de mercancías que permita tutelar los intereses del cargador, quien se ve descompensado con la prueba de la razonable y necesaria diligencia, o de cualquiera de las amplias causales de exoneración de la responsabilidad de las que dispone el porteador.
Cities of Tomorrow is a critical history of planning in theory and practice in the twentieth century, as well as of the social and economic problems and opportunities that gave rise to it. Trenchant, perceptive, global in coverage, this book is an unrivalled account of its crucial subject. The third edition of Cities of Tomorrow is comprehensively revised to take account of abundant new literature published since its original appearance, and to view the 1990s in historical perspective. This is the definitive edition, reviewing the development of the modern planning movement over the entire span of the twentieth century.
In today's "global village", nearly 450 million people speak English while another 350 million speak Spanish. The United States alone, with its more than 22 million Hispanic Americans, is now considered by many to be a bilingual society. As the practice of law and the resolution of legal issues, to a great extent, is all about precise communication, the impact of this on legal and business professionals is obvious - Spanish/English, English/Spanish translations are fast becoming an indispensable component of any thriving law practice or business, be it a small company or a multinational corporation. Translations are now routinely required for trials, contracts, real estate and financial transactions, and in many other situations. Clearly then, the need for a comprehensive bilingual reference such as this one has never been greater. Wiley's English/Spanish and Spanish/English Legal Dictionary offers comprehensive, up-to-date coverage of more than 40,000 essential words and phrases spanning all legal disciplines and subdisciplines including construction, real estate, insurance, business, trial, environmental law, intellectual property, family law, and more. It was written by a professional translator in collaboration with an advisory committee comprising attorneys from some of the most prominent firms in the international legal community. Featuring an extremely user-friendly format, the Dictionary was designed for quick reference. It directs you instantly to the precise equivalent you need without first "rerouting" you through a maze of other irrelevant terms and phrases. Gender neutral equivalents are provided, and in cases where the nongender neutral term is the norm, both are given.Wiley's English/Spanish and Spanish/English Legal Dictionary puts all important English and Spanish legal terms at the fingertips of attorneys, businesspeople, paralegals, and law students. It belongs on the shelves of law firms, libraries, businesses, and international agencies. It is also an essential communications tool for translators, interpreters, and civil servants.
This book represents the first harvest in the English language of the work of the Land Research Action Network (LRAN). LRAN is an international working group of researchers, analysts, nongovernment organizations, and representatives of social movements. -- pref.
This interim report of the OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on BEPS is a follow-up to the work delivered in 2015 under Action 1 of the BEPS Project on addressing the tax challenges of the digital economy. It sets out the Inclusive Framework’s agreed direction of work on digitalisation and the international tax rules through to 2020. It describes how digitalisation is also affecting other areas of the tax system, providing tax authorities with new tools that are translating into improvements in taxpayer services, improving the efficiency of tax collection and detecting tax evasion.
Rural movements have recently emerged to become some of the most important social forces in opposition to neoliberalism. From Brazil and Mexico to Zimbabwe and the Philippines, rural movements of diverse political character, but all sharing the same social basis of dispossessed peasants and unemployed workers, have used land occupations and other tactics to confront the neoliberal state. This volume brings together for the first time across three continents - Africa, Latin America and Asia - an intellectually consistent set of original investigations into this new generation of rural social movements. These country studies seek to identify their social composition, strategies, tactics, and ideologies; to assess their relations with other social actors, including political parties, urban social movements, and international aid agencies and other institutions; and to examine their most common tactic, the land occupation, its origins, pace and patterns, as well as the responses of governments and landowners. At a more fundamental level, this volume explores the ways in which two decades of neoliberal policy - including new land tenure arrangements intended to hasten the commodification of land, and new land uses linked to global markets -- have undermined the social reproduction of the rural labour force and created the conditions for popular resistance. The volume demonstrates the longer-term potential impact of these movements. In economic terms, they raise the possibility of tackling immiseration by means of the redistribution of land and the reorganisation of production on a more efficient and socially responsible basis. And in political terms, breaking the power of landowners and transnational capital with interests in land could ultimately open the way to an alternative pattern of capital accumulation and development.
Destined to transform its field, this volume features some of the most exciting feminist scholars and activists working within feminist political ecology, including Giovanna Di Chiro, Dianne Rocheleau, Catherine Walsh and Christa Wichterich. Offering a collective critique of the ‘green economy’, it features the latest analyses of the post-Rio+20 debates alongside a nuanced reading of the impact of the current ecological and economic crises on women as well as their communities and ecologies. This new, politically timely and engaging text puts feminist political ecology back on the map.
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What will power look like in the century to come? Imperial Great Britain may have been the model for the nineteenth century, Richard Rosecrance writes, but Hong Kong will be the model for the twenty-first. We are entering the Age of the Virtual State -- when land and its products are no longer the primary source of power, when managing flows is more important than maintaining stockpiles, when service industries are the greatest source of wealth and expertise and creativity are the greatest natural resources.Rosecrance's brilliant new book combines international relations theory with economics and the business model of the virtual corporation to describe how virtual states arise and operate, and how traditional powers will relate to them. In specific detail, he shows why Japan's kereitsu system, which brought it industrial dominance, is doomed; why Hong Kong and Taiwan will influence China more than vice-versa; and why the European Union will command the most international prestige even though the U.S. may produce more wealth.