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A test program to assess the influence of a negative G strap on restraint dynamics and human impact response was conducted. Research objectives were to evaluate the effects on human impact response of negative G strap incorporation into restraint systems; To evaluate human impact response in the PCU-15/P torso harness and lap belt configuration compared to such response in a conventional double shoulder strap and lap belt configuration, and to obtain human impact response data for use in present and future mathematical modeling efforts which are intended to predict human inertial response to impact.
[Author's abstract, shortened by cataloger] The restraint system is a major element in providing occupant safety in modern day military aircraft's. The United States Air Force (USAF) has conducted numerous dynamic tests in order to provide a better restraint system for its pilots and passengers. Various proposals have been made in recent years and been discarded. One such restraint system was the USAF conventional double shoulder strap and lap strap configuration or also called a 5 point restraint system. Although, it shows from the dynamic tests conducted by the USAF at Air Force Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory (AFAMRL) that the 5 point restraint system provides a secured method of restraining the occupant to the aircraft seat, there are still certain kinds of limitations. One such limitation is "submarining" of the lower torso of the occupant which may cause severe injuries to the occupant. In order to avoid that a Negative G strap or a tie down belt strap is attached as an additional restraint to the S point restraint system. A test program was conducted to assess the influence of a negative G strap on restraint dynamics and human impact response.
It has long been known that the proper use of safety restraining devices in aircraft can greatly reduce the risk of serious injury and even fatality in the event of a crash. The use of shoulder belts with lap belts could reduce major injuries by more than 85% and fatalities by 20% 3. Numerous studies have also linked the improper use of safety belts and shoulder harnesses to injuries in cases of rapid deceleration. Studies and investigations on fatal aircraft accidents led the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to require all new aircraft to have shoulder restraints installed in 1969. Head, neck, abdominal and chest trauma are the most critical to life. Even injury to the upper extremities can result in unnecessary loss of life if the individual is unable to evacuate the aircraft in an emergency, such as a post-crash fire or to avoid drowning. Roughly one third of the deaths in aviation accidents in the 1950's and 60's might have been avoided if shoulder restraints had been used 8. The question arises as to whether merely having restraints is good enough or if there is a best way to configure the restraints. It has been shown that using a double shoulder harness system with lap belts is preferred over a single diagonal shoulder belt and a 3-point belt system with a single shoulder belt and lap belts 6,7. The double harness prevents the torso from twisting out and around the single shoulder belt, significantly reducing the risk of injury. The distribution of applied loads to two belts is also greater than the same loads applied to a single belt, causing less stretching of the belt and greater restricted forward movement 9.
For more than 50 years, crash studies involving human subjects have improved understanding of occupant and vehicle kinematics, helped explain injury mechanisms in lower speed collisions, and led to improved seat and vehicle design. Human Subject Crash Testing: Innovations and Advances includes 42 of the most important historical and current studies which used living human subjects in frontal, side, and rear-end impacts. Covering more than 50 years of research (from 1955 through 2006), the book includes numerous landmark SAE papers, as well as papers from other conference proceedings. Papers were chosen based on criteria that included quality and rigor of methods, uniqueness, number of subjects, and long-term reference value. This book also features a comprehensive bibliography, which contains brief summaries of other relevant human subject crash test studies that are not included in the book.