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Following the recommendation of the Virginia Transportation Research Council's Pavement Research Advisory Committee, this project was initiated to determine the effectiveness of including subsurface drainage systems in pavements in Virginia. The researchers sought to determine the effectiveness of these systems by conducting a literature review and by comparing the strengths of pavement sections with and without a subsurface drainage layer in a limited field investigation involving two pavement structures in Virginia. The strength of the pavement structure was analyzed using the falling weight deflectometer. The researchers concluded that the drainage layer appears to affect positively the in-situ subgrade resilient modulus and the in-situ structure number. Further, inclusion of a properly constructed drainage layer does not adversely affect the deflection of a pavement and thus does not introduce a weakness into the pavement structure. However, the condition of the outlet pipes appears to be of high importance. The researchers recommend that tests with additional sites be conducted in the spring when the subgrade moisture is expected to be highest; that the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) develop a maintenance program to maintain functioning drainage outlet pipes; and that VDOT continue the practice of constructing subsurface drainage features on high-priority pavements. In 2005, VDOT anticipates spending approximately $45 million on resurfacing interstate and primary roadways. According to the literature review, the average service life of flexible pavements (time between successive rehabilitation efforts) is approximately 9 years. Including subsurface drainage features offers a 4-year extension of service life (a 44% extension). Thus it can be approximated that the current practice of including subsurface drainage features is saving VDOT approximately $20 million per year. However, the amount of this cost savings may not be fully realized if drainage outlet pipes are blocked or partially blocked. As reported in the literature review, nonfunctioning drains accelerate pavement deterioration and thus may actually shorten the service life of pavement structures.
NCHRP Report 583 explores the effects of subsurface drainage features on pavement performance through a program of inspection and testing of the subsurface drainage features present in the Long-Term Pavement Performance SPS-1 (flexible hot-mix asphalt pavement) and SPS-2 (rigid portland cement concrete pavement) field sections.
SUMMARY This book provides complete coverage of surface and subsurface drainage of all types of pavements for highways, urban roads, parking lots, airports, and container terminals. It provides up-to-date information on the principles and technologies for designing and building drainage systems and examines numerous issues, including maintenance and designing for flood events. Practical considerations and sophisticated analysis, such the use of the finite element method and unsaturated soil mechanics, anisotropy and uncertainties, are presented. This book allows civil engineers to make the best use of their resources to provide cost effective and sustainable pavements. Features Presents a holistic consideration of drainage with respect to pavement performance. Includes numerous practical case studies. Examines flooding and the impacts of climate change. Includes PowerPoint slides which include quizzes, schematics, figures, and tables.
Introductory technical guidance for civil engineers interested in subsurface drainage for pavements. Here is what is discussed: 1. INTRODUCTION 2. PRINCIPLES OF PAVEMENT DRAINAGE 3. DESIGN OF THE PAVEMENT SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEM 4. CONSTRUCTION OF THE DRAINAGE LAYER 5. COLLLECTOR DRAINS 6. GLOSSARY.
This synthesis will be of interest to geologists; hydrologists; geotechnical, pavement, construction, and maintenance engineers; and researchers. State department of transportation (DOT) program managers and administrators will also find it of interest. The synthesis describes the current state of the practice for the design, construction, and maintenance of pavement subsurface drainage systems. It provides information on the positive effects of good subsurface drainage and the negative effects of poor subsurface drainage on pavement surfaces. This report of the Transportation Research Board presents data obtained from a review of the literature and a survey of the state DOTs. It is a supplemental update to NCHRP Synthesis of Highway Practice 96, Pavement Subsurface Drainage Systems (1982). The synthesis provides a supplement to design issues not found in Synthesis 96, but faced by current designers, e.g., type and quality of aggregate, compaction requirements for open-graded aggregates, asphalt and cement binders, and use of geosynthetics. In addition, it describes the effects of design, construction, and maintenance decisions on the performance of pavement subsurface drainage systems.