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The work in this thesis examines the effect of mean stress on the fatigue behaviour of very hard (Rockwell C 60) steels (AISI 8822, 8620, 9310, and cold-worked pre-stressing wire). In the mean stress tests, the minimum stress in the fatigue cycle was varied from test to test over a range from -1200 MPa to a value approaching the true fracture stress of each material. The results are not adequately explained by current theories for the effect of mean stress on fatigue behaviour in the region of compressive mean stresses. All current theories suggest that the maximum stress at the fatigue limit decreases with decreasing minimum stress. The results of this study shows that instead of continuing to decrease with decreasing minimum stress the maximum stress at the fatigue limit remains constant indicating an insensitivity to the minimum stress in the fatigue cycle for minimum stresses below the value in a fully reversed fatigue test. The theory proposed by the author corrects this error by maintaining the maximum stress at the fatigue limit constant with decreasing minimum stress in the region of negative mean stresses. The results are of interest to designers of components in which high negative residual stresses are introduced into materials hardened by, for example, carburizing, nitriding, or induction hardening to improve the fatigue strength of components. The present work allows considerably higher design stresses for operating stresses in the negative mean stress region than previous theories permit.
This book provides practicing engineers, researchers, and students with a working knowledge of the fatigue design process and models under multiaxial states of stress and strain. Readers are introduced to the important considerations of multiaxial fatigue that differentiate it from uniaxial fatigue.
The first book to present current methods and techniques of fatigue analysis, with a focus on developing basic skills for selecting appropriate analytical techniques. Contains numerous worked examples, chapter summaries, and problems. (vs. Fuchs/Stevens).
Applied Optimal Design Mechanical and Structural Systems Edward J. Haug & Jasbir S. Arora This computer-aided design text presents and illustrates techniques for optimizing the design of a wide variety of mechanical and structural systems through the use of nonlinear programming and optimal control theory. A state space method is adopted that incorporates the system model as an integral part of the design formulations. Step-by-step numerical algorithms are given for each method of optimal design. Basic properties of the equations of mechanics are used to carry out design sensitivity analysis and optimization, with numerical efficiency and generality that is in most cases an order of magnitude faster in digital computation than applications using standard nonlinear programming methods. 1979 Optimum Design of Mechanical Elements, 2nd Ed. Ray C. Johnson The two basic optimization techniques, the method of optimal design (MOD) and automated optimal design (AOD), discussed in this valuable work can be applied to the optimal design of mechanical elements commonly found in machinery, mechanisms, mechanical assemblages, products, and structures. The many illustrative examples used to explicate these techniques include such topics as tensile bars, torsion bars, shafts in combined loading, helical and spur gears, helical springs, and hydrostatic journal bearings. The author covers curve fitting, equation simplification, material properties, and failure theories, as well as the effects of manufacturing errors on product performance and the need for a factor of safety in design work. 1980 Globally Optimal Design Douglass J. Wilde Here are new analytic optimization procedures effective where numerical methods either take too long or do not provide correct answers. This book uses mathematics sparingly, proving only results generated by examples. It defines simple design methods guaranteed to give the global, rather than any local, optimum through computations easy enough to be done on a manual calculator. The author confronts realistic situations: determining critical constraints; dealing with negative contributions; handling power function; tackling logarithmic and exponential nonlinearities; coping with standard sizes and indivisible components; and resolving conflicting objectives and logical restrictions. Special mathematical structures are exposed and used to solve design problems. 1978