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Adjuvants are known to enhance spray droplet retention on leaf surfaces and penetration of herbicide active ingredients through cuticles due to changes in physical properties such as density, viscosity, surface tension (SFT), and contact angle (CA) increasing leaf wettability. However, previous research has shown that the performance of an adjuvant is dependent on the herbicide with which it is applied, the plant species, and environmental conditions. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of adjuvants on these physical properties when glyphosate and lactofen are applied alone and in combination and to determine if these changes can be correlated to herbicide efficacy. The impact of the addition of the adjuvants into the treatment solutions was greater on viscosity than on density values. Overall, adjuvants significantly decreased the SFT of treatment solutions when compared to either water or herbicides alone. In addition, reduced CA was observed due to the reduction in surface tension. However, results were adjuvant- and species-dependent. Herbicide efficacy was only partially explained by the changes in these physical properties. Observations from this study highlighted the importance of adjuvants on reducing SFT and CA properties of spray solutions; however, further investigation is needed to better understand the factors influencing herbicide uptake and how they are correlated in order to maximize herbicide efficacy.
Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO)-inhibiting herbicides in combination with glyphosate for postemergence (POST) applications is one of the primary alternatives to manage glyphosate-resistant weeds and the only effective POST chemical option in conventional and glyphosate-tolerant soybean to control glyphosate and ALS-inhibiting resistant weeds. Antagonistic interactions have been reported between many different herbicide modes of action and optimal droplet size may be affected by tank-mixtures of different herbicides. Additionally, the impact of adjuvants on the factors aforementioned as well as on physical properties needs to be thoroughly investigate to maximize herbicide efficacy. Therefore, the objectives of this research were to: 1) conduct greenhouse and field studies to evaluate the impact of glyphosate and PPO-inhibiting herbicides (fomesafen or lactofen) applied alone and in tank mixtures on weed control, optimal droplet size, drift potential, and tank mixture interactions, 2) determine the influence of adjuvants on tank mixtures interactions, spray droplet-spectra, drift potential, and physical properties, (3) determine if herbicide efficacy (and thereby, weed control) is correlated to reduced surface tension and contact angle. Overall, applications from the tank mixtures resulted in antagonistic interactions and some of them were overcame by the addition of adjuvants. Droplet size and percent volume of droplets ≤ 150 μm were highly affected by nozzle type and spray solution. The oil based formulation of lactofen and crop oil concentrates were shattered by TTI nozzles due to its internal turbulence chamber creating smaller droplets and increasing driftable fines. The impact of nozzle selection on weed control was minimal and larger droplets at the rates and carrier volume used in this study could be used without compromising herbicide efficacy reducing drift potential. Adjuvants reduced the surface tension and contact angle of spray solutions; however, herbicide efficacy was only partially explained by the changes in these physical properties. Results emphasized the importance of better understanding the relationship among application variables and weed species. In addition, recommendations should be herbicide- and weed-specific in order to optimize herbicide applications and to maintain herbicide effectiveness.
Based on a conference, this book is intended to promote a better understanding of the effects of adjuvants on pesticide penetration, translocation, photodegradation and stability, spray deposition and dissipation, and the fate of herbicides in the environment.
Studies of Adjuvants involve many scientific fields from basic research of the chemistry, through investigations into physiological effects and environmental impact, to mixture formulation and field use. These important areas are illustrated in these two volumes, which are contributions from the First International Symposium on Adjuvants for Agrochemicals, held in Brandon, Manitoba on August 5 to 7, 1986. A total of 200 participants from 19 countries met to discuss their common interest in adjuvant science, technology, and application. It is the editors hope that these volumes will stimulate interest in and promote a better understanding of the chemical, physiological, and agronomic aspects of adjuvants as they relate agrochemicals. In addition, the revisedAdjuvants for Agrochemicals: A Selected Bibliography of World Literature in the English Language will be a valuable resource for agricultural researchers and other users. We hope that adjuvant research will lead to even safer, more efficient, and more economical use of chemicals in agriculture and forestry.
Adjuvants are used in agriculture to improve herbicide activity or application performance. The addition of adjuvants to herbicide solution can enhance its penetration, wettability, and evaporation rates by altering density, viscosity, contact angle between the droplet and plant surface, and droplet surface tension. Furthermore, those alterations in the physical properties of the herbicide solution can result in changes in the droplet-size distribution that directly impact herbicide efficacy. The adoption of glufosinate-based herbicide programs has increased with the widespread occurrence of glyphosate-resistance (GR) weeds in recent years. Also, tank mixture of dicamba and glyphosate has been largely adopted for broad-spectrum weed control since the release of dicamba/glyphosate-tolerant soybeans in 2017. Therefore, it is essential to understand the influence of adjuvants on the performance of those commonly used herbicides. The objectives of this research were: (1) determine the physical properties (density, viscosity, dynamic surface tension, static contact angle, and droplet evaporation rate), and droplet size distribution of glufosinate, and dicamba plus glyphosate solutions in tank-mixture with adjuvants and (2) evaluate the response of weed species to glufosinate, and dicamba plus glyphosate solutions in tank-mixture with adjuvants under greenhouse and field conditions.
Herbicide mixtures are popular for farmers to delay the evolution of herbicideresistant biotypes from occurring and control existing herbicide-resistant weeds. Glufosinate is a contact herbicide that has been observed as a mixture partner with many herbicides. In many cases, antagonistic interactions have occurred when using glufosinate in mixture with other herbicides. The antagonistic interactions have resulted in applications with incomplete weed control. Adjuvants have been known to impact an herbicide application by increasing herbicide penetration, spreadability, and efficacy. Adjuvants added to glufosinate mixtures can increase weed control. The first objective was to investigate the interactions, efficacy, and physical properties of glufosinate, dicamba, or 2,4-D alone or in mixture with one of two different anionic surfactants. The results from the greenhouse study indicated that adding a surfactant to dicamba applied alone or a mixture of dicamba with glufosinate increased biomass reduction to >92 and 96% on common lambsquarters. Results from the field studies showed the highest biomass reduction of Palmer amaranth occurred when dicamba was applied alone (56%). The results from the physical property studies concluded that surfactant two had the lowest surface tension (62% biomass reduction. The results from the field study showed the highest biomass reduction of Palmer amaranth came from a mixture of glufosinate with glyphosate and surfactant two (46%). The results for physical properties concluded that adding a surfactant to glufosinate and glyphosate treatments resulted in an increase in density and viscosity and a decrease in contact angle and surface tension. The third objective was to evaluate three anionic surfactants at different dose rates added to herbicide mixtures and solutions of glufosinate, dicamba, 2,4-D, and glyphosate. The herbicide by dose effect was significant for both runs. Unformulated glufosinate, Xtendimax, Touchdown Hi-Tech, and mixtures of unformulated glufosinate with Touchdown Hi-Tech or Xtendimax resulted in an increase in biomass reduction when increasing surfactant dose rate.
Herbicides are one of the most widely used groups of pesticides worldwide for controlling weedy species in agricultural and non-crop settings. Due to the extensive use of herbicides and their value in weed management, herbicide research remains crucial for ensuring continued effective use of herbicides while minimizing detrimental effects to ecosystems. Presently, a wide range of research continues to focus on the physiology of herbicide action, the environmental impact of herbicides, and safety. The authors of Herbicides, Physiology of Action, and Safety cover multiple topics concerning current valuable herbicide research.
An introduction to herbicide action; Reaching the target; Oxigen toxicity and herbicidal action; Microtubule disruptors; Herbicide effects on lipid synthesis; Nucleic acid and protein synthesis inhibitors; Inhibition of amino acid biosysnthesis; Herbicides with auxin activity; Other sites of herbicide action; Secondary physiological effects of herbicides; Herbicide interactions with herbicides, synergists, and safeners; Naturally occurring chemicals as herbicides.
Herbicides make a spectacular contribution to modern crop production. Yet, for the development of more effective and safer agrochemicals, it is essential to understand how these compounds work in plants and their surroundings. This expanded and fully revised second edition of Herbicides and Plant Physiology provides a comprehensive and up-to-date account of how modern herbicides interact with target plants, and how they are used to manage crop production. In addition, the text: Provides a current account of the importance of weeds to crop yield and quality; Describes how new herbicides are discovered and developed; Examines precise sites of herbicide action and mechanisms of herbicide selectivity and resistance; Reviews commercial and biotechnological applications, including genetically engineered herbicide resistance in crops; Suggests new areas for future herbicide development; Includes many specially prepared illustrations. As a summary of diverse research information, this second edition of Herbicides and Plant Physiology is a valuable reference for students and researchers in plant physiology, crop production/protection, plant biochemistry, biotechnology and agriculture. All libraries in universities, agricultural colleges and research establishments where these subjects are studied and taught will need copies of this excellent book on their shelves.
Modern agribusiness is one of the main generators of employment and income worldwide and plays a vital role in improving the production, quality, and quantity of food, feed, fiber, and fuel ensuring our world has the safest and most nutritious, abundant, and sustainable food supply possible. The global agribusiness industry with its offerings such as insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides as well as biotechnology products contributes to growing public expectations for food security and agricultural sustainability while addressing the industry's global challenges, such as population growth and rising caloric consumption, increasing environmental stresses across the globe, a changing regulatory landscape, development of resistance to existing active ingredients and traits by investing in effective R&D programs and inventing new solutions. The book provides an update on state of the art crop protection research and highlights the pivotal role of novel chemistries for modern crop protection. Recent research and new directions in the synthesis and chemistry of agrochemicals, as well as new research approaches, tools and directions in the crop protection field including nematicides, biologicals and natural products are described and details on the design, synthesis, biology and/or structure-activity relationships of a series of new chemical entities targeting fungicides, insecticides, herbicides and nematicides provided. Furthermore future directions for advancing research and regulation of agricultural chemistry and pest management science, promoting public health, and preserving environmental quality are covered as well.