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The U.S. Army Research Institute is investigating requirements for using Virtual Environments (VE) in training dismounted soldiers. This experiment investigated full body representation (generic) versus a hand linked pointer on movement performance in an office building interior during a search task. The search task was used as a representative dismounted soldier activity in urban environments. The VE used a biocular Head Mounted Display (HMD) with head coupled and body referenced movement control. Sensors enabled participants to walk through the VE while performing the search task in six repeated trials. Movement time and number of collisions during discrete phases of the search task revealed no significant differences found between full body and pointer representations, although significant improvement was found over repeated trials. Field of view is discussed as a possible intervening aspect. A Simulator sickness questionnaire (SSQ) was administered before, during, immediately after the experiment, and after a recovery period. Significant changes in the SSQ were found over the course of the experiment, but were not related to the body representation condition. The results indicate a rapid onset of symptoms followed by some adaptation to the VE, and rapid recovery. The Immersive Tendencies Questionnaire administered pre-experiment, and the Presence Questionnaire administered post-experiment, were not significantly related to the body representation conditions.
This Handbook, with contributions from leading experts in the field, provides a comprehensive, state-of-the-art account of virtual environments (VE). It serves as an invaluable source of reference for practitioners, researchers, and students in this rapidly evolving discipline. It also provides practitioners with a reference source to guide their development efforts and addresses technology concerns, as well as the social and business implications with which those associated with the technology are likely to grapple. While each chapter has a strong theoretical foundation, practical implications are derived and illustrated via the many tables and figures presented throughout the book. The Handbook presents a systematic and extensive coverage of the primary areas of research and development within VE technology. It brings together a comprehensive set of contributed articles that address the principles required to define system requirements and design, build, evaluate, implement, and manage the effective use of VE applications. The contributors provide critical insights and principles associated with their given area of expertise to provide extensive scope and detail on VE technology. After providing an introduction to VE technology, the Handbook organizes the body of knowledge into five main parts: *System Requirements--specifies multimodal system requirements, including physiological characteristics that affect VE system design. *Design Approaches and Implementation Strategies--addresses cognitive design strategies; identifies perceptual illusions that can be leveraged in VE design; discusses navigational issues, such as becoming lost within a virtual world; and provides insights into structured approaches to content design. *Health and Safety Issues--covers direct physiological effects, signs, symptoms, neurophysiology and physiological correlates of motion sickness, perceptual and perceptual-motor adaptation, and social concerns. *Evaluation--addresses VE usability engineering and ergonomics, human performance measurement in VEs, usage protocols; and provides means of measuring and managing visual, proprioceptive, and vestibular aftereffects, as well as measuring and engendering sense of presence. *Selected Applications of Virtual Environments--provides a compendium of VE applications. The Handbook closes with a brief review of the history of VE technology. The final chapter provides information on the VE profession, providing those interested with a number of sources to further their quest for the keys to developing the ultimate virtual world.
With an updated edition including new material in additional chapters, this one-of-a-kind handbook covers not only current standardization efforts, but also anthropometry and optimal working postures, ergonomic human computer interactions, legal protection, occupational health and safety, and military human factor principles. While delineating the crucial role that standards and guidelines play in facilitating the design of advantageous working conditions to enhance individual performance, the handbook suggests ways to expand opportunities for global economic and ergonomic development. This book features: Guidance on the design of work systems including tasks, equipment, and workspaces as well as the work environment in relation to human capacities and limitations Emphasis on important human factors and ergonomic standards that can be utilized to improve product and process to ensure efficiency and safety A focus on quality control to ensure that standards are met throughout the worldwide market
A comprehensive review of international and national standards and guidelines, this handbook consists of 32 chapters divided into nine sections that cover standardization efforts, anthropometry and working postures, designing manual material, human-computer interaction, occupational health and safety, legal protection, military human factor standar
"The U.S. Army has made a considerable investment in the use of virtual environments (VE) to train combat forces, to evaluate new systems and operational concepts, and to rehearse specific missions. While these simulations have predominately focused on training and simulation for mounted soldiers, there is also a need to train infantry and other dismounted soldiers. Although VEs have the potential to immerse dismounted soldiers directly in simulations, there are few successful examples of the use of VE to provide effective training. The effective use of VE for training requires identification of the types of tasks for which VE training is most appropriate, the characteristics of VE systems that are required to provide effective training, and the training strategies that are most appropriate for use with VE. This report presents recommendations for the use of VE for dismounted soldier training and mission rehearsal, and identifies needed future research. They are based on the results of an ARI in-house research program, related programs for which ARI scientists have participated, and the work of other VE researchers. Recommendations include types of tasks for which training in VE is and is not appropriate, interface design recommendations, and ways to reduce side- and after-effects. "-- Report documentation page.
This research encompassed the second in a series of experiments on the functional capabilities of a collection of four Virtual Individual Combatant(VIC) simulation technologies linked in the Dismounted Warrior Network (DWN). These experiments (user and engineering) provided enhanced restricted terrain (ERT) an improved database and VIC systems. The intent was to demonstrate a reliable low cost easy to use way to insert Dismounted Infantry into synthetic virtual environments. Multiple agencies collaborated over several months; experimentation occurred in July 1998. Data collection occurred at the U.S. ArmyInfantry Centers Dismounted Battlespace Battle Lab Land Warrior Testbed and the Fort Benning McKenna Military Observations on Urban Terrain (MOUT) site. The four VICs were networked and the individual soldiers in their VICs appeared (visually) to each other in the virtual environment. User exercises measured theVICs' ability to support the individual soldiers as part of a team performing a collective virtual task of room clearing. The MOUT data collection was an attempt to observe the soldiers in actual room clearing. The U.S. Army Research Institute provided man in the loop observations, results of questionnaires and structured interviews.