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This book explores policy measures and social programmes designed to make quality education accessible to socio-economic disadvantaged groups (SEDGs) in India. It discusses the status of education of disadvantaged or marginalized groups, the discourse around education and equity in India, and innovative practices undertaken by both government and non-government institutions to increase accessibility to education. The book highlights the disparity in the quality of education available to disadvantaged groups, including religious, ethnic, and caste minorities, women and girls, transgender people, people with disabilities, and migrant or displaced children. It examines the effectiveness of initiatives and policies which have been implemented to bring quality education to the SEDG in India. It also offers suggestions and policy recommendations to bridge the disparity in education which will consequently lead to greater economic and social mobility, inclusion, and socio-economic development. The book will be of interest to teachers, students, and researchers of education, sociology, development studies, social work, and disability studies. It will also be useful for policymakers, academicians, and professionals working in the fields of education, social work, and rehabilitation.
Across OECD countries, almost one in every five students does not reach a basic minimum level of skills. This book presents a series of policy recommendations for education systems to help all children succeed.
This open-access book focuses on trends in educational inequality using twenty years of grade 8 student data collected from 13 education systems by the IEAs Trends in Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) between 1995 and 2015. While the overall positive association between family socioeconomic status (SES) and student achievement is well documented in the literature, the magnitude of this relationship is contingent on social contexts and is expected to vary by education system. Research on how such associations differ across societies and how the strength of these relationships has changed over time is limited. This study, therefore, addresses an important research and policy question by examining changes in the inequality of educational outcomes due to SES over this 20-year period, and also examines the extent to which the performance of students from disadvantaged backgrounds has improved over time in each education system. Education systems generally aim to narrow the achievement gap between low- and high-SES students and to improve the performance of disadvantaged students. However, the lack of quantifiable and comprehensible measures makes it difficult to assess and monitor the effect of such efforts. In this study, a novel measure of SES that is consistent across all TIMSS cycles allows students to be categorized into different socioeconomic groups. This measure of SES may also contribute to future research using TIMSS trend data. Readers will gain new insight into how educational inequality has changed in the education systems studied and how such change may relate to the more complex picture of macroeconomic changes in those societies.
The last decade has seen a burgeoning of interest in the twin fields of school effectiveness and school improvement by politicians, policy makers and practitioners. For some, the drive has been to raise standards and increase accountability through inspection and assessment measures, believing that the incentive of accountability and market competition will lead to improvement. Alternatively, reform and restructuring have led many people in schools to create their own agenda and ask, ‘How do we know that what we are doing makes a positive difference to our pupils?’ and, ‘What can we do to provide pupils with the best possible education?’ This paper explores the two paradigms that underpin notions of school effectiveness and school improvement. We start with their definitions and aims. Key factors of effectiveness and improvement are examined and fundamental issues discussed. We conclude with a description of attempts to link the two areas of work.
This open access book focuses on trends in educational inequality using twenty years of grade 8 student data collected from 13 education systems by the IEA’s Trends in Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) between 1995 and 2015. While the overall positive association between family socioeconomic status (SES) and student achievement is well documented in the literature, the magnitude of this relationship is contingent on social contexts and is expected to vary by education system. Research on how such associations differ across societies and how the strength of these relationships has changed over time is limited. This study, therefore, addresses an important research and policy question by examining changes in the inequality of educational outcomes due to SES over this 20-year period, and also examines the extent to which the performance of students from disadvantaged backgrounds has improved over time in each education system. Education systems generally aim to narrow the achievement gap between low- and high-SES students and to improve the performance of disadvantaged students. However, the lack of quantifiable and comprehensible measures makes it difficult to assess and monitor the effect of such efforts. In this study, a novel measure of SES that is consistent across all TIMSS cycles allows students to be categorized into different socioeconomic groups. This measure of SES may also contribute to future research using TIMSS trend data. Readers will gain new insight into how educational inequality has changed in the education systems studied and how such change may relate to the more complex picture of macroeconomic changes in those societies.
Socioeconomic disadvantage and access to higher education argues that the gap in representation in higher education between affluent and disadvantaged young people continues. The research looks at reasons for this, but takes care to distinguish between the factors which qualify young people for higher education and those which predispose them to attend. That is, which factors govern levels of qualification required for entry to higher education and which other factors act as barriers to the progress of disadvantaged young people.Through a survey of school-leavers, before and after leaving school, the report looks at:geographical patterns of academic achievement in relation to indicators of disadvanta≥the attrition from full-time education of qualified but disadvantaged young peop≤the variety of destinations made by disadvantaged school-leavers;patterns and levels of participation in higher and further education;student finance and parental support; barriers to full participation in higher education.·[vbTab]·[vbTab]The report concludes with policy recommendations for increasing meaningful participation for under-represented disadvantaged groups of young people which are applicable throughout the UK.Socioeconomic disadvantage and access to higher education is vital reading for policy makers and academics in the fields of education, young people and social exclusion, and anyone interested in higher education and youth transitions.This report should be read alongside Losing out?: Socioeconomic disadvantage and experience in further and higher education (The Policy Press, 2003) also by Alasdair Forsyth and Andy Furlong.
Evidence indicates that actions within four main themes (early child development fair employment and decent work social protection and the living environment) are likely to have the greatest impact on the social determinants of health and health inequities. A systematic search and analysis of recommendations and policy guidelines from intergovernmental organizations and international bodies identified practical policy options for action on social determinants within these four themes. Policy options focused on early childhood education and care; child poverty; investment strategies for an inclusive economy; active labour market programmes; working conditions; social cash transfers; affordable housing; and planning and regulatory mechanisms to improve air quality and mitigate climate change. Applying combinations of these policy options alongside effective governance for health equity should enable WHO European Region Member States to reduce health inequities and synergize efforts to achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
Contemporary public policy assumes that the achievement gap between black and white students could be closed if only schools would do a better job. According to Richard Rothstein, "Closing the gaps between lower-class and middle-class children requires social and economic reform as well as school improvement. Unfortunately, the trend is to shift most of the burden to schools, as if they alone can eradicate poverty and inequality." In this book, Rothstein points the way toward social and economic reforms that would give all children a more equal chance to succeed in school. This book features: a summary of numerous studies linking school achievement to health care quality, nutrition, childrearing styles, housing stability, parental economic security, and more ; aA look at erroneous and misleading data that underlie commonplace claims that some schools "beat the demographic odds and therefore any school can close the achievement gap if only it adopted proper practices." ; and an analysis of how the over-emphasis of standardized tests in federal law obscures the true achievement gap and makes narrowing it more difficult.