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Lithuanian economic, political and social development should be assessed from a historical perspective because Lithuania regained its independence in 1990 when the Soviet Union collapsed. Lithuania: Political, Economic and Social Issues opens with an analysis of the three stages of political, economic and social development in the period of Lithuanian independence.Next, the authors discuss the implementation of a very important human right, the prohibition of torture. In recent years, the European Court of Human Rights has recognized that the prohibition of torture and inhuman treatment also has a procedural dimension. In the case of Kraulaidis v. Lithuania, the European Court of Human Rights ruled that the official investigation into a traffic accident, which left the applicant permanently disabled, was so insufficient as to amount to a violation of Article 3 ECHR.Railway transportation plays an important role in the socioeconomic development of the greater number of all 195 independent countries in the world in general, and in Lithuania in particular. As such, one assessment aims to examine the situational analysis of the rail transport sector in Lithuania during the periods of Russian tsarist oppression (18591915), Soviet occupation (19441990) economic transition (19901995), economy growth (19962007) and integration into today's European transport network (2010now).Next, the authors aim to identify the role played by childhood and adolescent experiences in the formation of pro-violence attitudes and on self-assessed violent behavior in early adulthood. Recent statistical information about crime and criminal justice issues in the European Union indicates that over the past decade, violent crime rates have decreased in Lithuania.In the final chapter, beginning with the notion that state broadcasters are entitled to basic human rights, including the right to free speech, the authors demonstrate how the goals of protecting journalistic human rights and freedoms and securing quality standards in journalism can be reconciled within the framework provided by the European Convention on Human Rights.
This 2016 OECD Economic Survey of Lithuania examines recent economic developments, policies and prospects. The special chapters cover: Productivity convergence and Inclusive growth.
The OECD Economic Outlook is the OECD's twice-yearly analysis of the major economic trends and prospects for the next two years. This issue includes a general assessment of the macroeconomic situation, a series of notes on the macroeconomic and structural policy issues related to the COVID-19 outbreak and a chapter summarising developments and providing projections for each individual country.
It has often been claimed that Jews have a penchant for capitalism and capitalist economic activity. With this book, Adam Teller challenges that assumption. Examining how Jews achieved their extraordinary success within the late feudal economy of the eighteenth-century Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, he shows that economic success did not necessarily come through any innate entrepreneurial skills, but through identifying and exploiting economic niches in the pre-modern economy—in particular, the monopoly on the sale of grain alcohol. Jewish economic activity was a key factor in the development of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and it greatly enhanced the incomes, and thereby the social and political status, of the noble magnates, including the powerful Radziwiłł family. In turn, with the magnate's backing, Jews were able to leverage their own economic success into high status in estate society. Over time, relations within Jewish society began to change, putting less value on learning and pedigree and more on wealth and connections with the estate owners. This groundbreaking book exemplifies how the study of Jewish economic history can shed light on a crucial mechanism of Jewish social integration. In the Polish-Lithuanian setting, Jews were simultaneously a despised religious minority and key economic players, with a consequent standing that few could afford to ignore.
The world economy is experiencing a very strong but uneven recovery, with many emerging market and developing economies facing obstacles to vaccination. The global outlook remains uncertain, with major risks around the path of the pandemic and the possibility of financial stress amid large debt loads. Policy makers face a difficult balancing act as they seek to nurture the recovery while safeguarding price stability and fiscal sustainability. A comprehensive set of policies will be required to promote a strong recovery that mitigates inequality and enhances environmental sustainability, ultimately putting economies on a path of green, resilient, and inclusive development. Prominent among the necessary policies are efforts to lower trade costs so that trade can once again become a robust engine of growth. This year marks the 30th anniversary of the Global Economic Prospects. The Global Economic Prospects is a World Bank Group Flagship Report that examines global economic developments and prospects, with a special focus on emerging market and developing economies, on a semiannual basis (in January and June). Each edition includes analytical pieces on topical policy challenges faced by these economies.
For many citizens primary health care is the first point of contact with their health care system, where most of their health needs are satisfied but also acting as the gate to the rest of the system. In that respect primary care plays a crucial role in how patients value health systems as responsive to their needs and expectations. This volume analyses the way how primary are is organized and delivered across European countries, looking at governance, financing and workforce aspects and the breadth of the service profiles. It describes wide national variations in terms of accessibility, continuity and coordination. Relating these differences to health system outcomes the authors suggest some priority areas for reducing the gap between the ideal and current realities.