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The International Joint Commission (IJC) was established between Canada and the United States under the Boundary Water Agreement in 1909. The Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement between the two countries (signed in 1972, revised and renewed in 1978) expresses the determination of each country to restore and en hance the water quality of the largest freshwater system in the world. The Agreement provides for two inter national boards to assist the IJC: the Great Lakes Water Quality Board and the Great Lakes Science Advisory Board. In 1982, the Dredging Subcommittee of the Great Lakes Water Quality Board was asked to investigate and provide an assessment of the environmental impacts of sediment-bound contaminants and to recom mend alternate strategies for solving ecological problems associated with the presence and removal of pollu tants. This issue however, was beyond the scope of the Dredging Subcommittee. It was then referred to the Great Lakes Science Advisory Board with a specific request that the Board focus on whether contaminated sediments located in areas with water quality problems and impaired uses should be removed and if so, under what conditions. The Science Advisory Board established a Task Force to address these issues with specific reference to: - provide the IJC with an assessment of the effects of sediment-bound contaminants on biota and water quality; - recommend appropriate remedies for possible application by the parties for remedial activities in the Great Lakes; and - identify gaps in knowledge and suggest appropriate investigations to provide this knowledge.
In this text, drawn from presentations and discussion at a May 2005 NATO Advanced Research Workshop, current approaches to the assessment and remediation of contaminated sediments are discussed with emphasis on in-situ management. The text addresses physical, chemical and biological approaches for the assessment and remediation of sediments. The development of regulatory and strategic approaches is discussed with emphasis on the potential for biological remediation in the management of contaminated sediments.
Bioavailability refers to the extent to which humans and ecological receptors are exposed to contaminants in soil or sediment. The concept of bioavailability has recently piqued the interest of the hazardous waste industry as an important consideration in deciding how much waste to clean up. The rationale is that if contaminants in soil and sediment are not bioavailable, then more contaminant mass can be left in place without creating additional risk. A new NRC report notes that the potential for the consideration of bioavailability to influence decision-making is greatest where certain chemical, environmental, and regulatory factors align. The current use of bioavailability in risk assessment and hazardous waste cleanup regulations is demystified, and acceptable tools and models for bioavailability assessment are discussed and ranked according to seven criteria. Finally, the intimate link between bioavailability and bioremediation is explored. The report concludes with suggestions for moving bioavailability forward in the regulatory arena for both soil and sediment cleanup.
This document is a compendium of scientifically valid and accepted methods that can be used to assess sediment quality and predict ecological impacts...the intent here is to provide the most useful overall measures or predictors of ecological impacts currently in use rather than procedures that may have limited application outside of a particular regulatory framework... parag The information provided in the compendium on the relative strengths and weaknesses of the different assessment methods can provide assistance in selecting the appropriate methods.
Sediments and Environmental Geochemistry is dedicated to Professor German Müller on the occasion of his 60th birthday. The individual articles, written by outstanding scientists, cover a wide range of subjects indicating the broad spectrum of his interests. The main topics are: Carbonate and Evaporite Petrology, Petroleum Formation and Exploration, Environmental Geochemistry, Coal Petrography, Data Bases in Geosciences, and Volcanology.
A strongly interdisciplinary and wide-ranging survey of the environment of life on Earth: the most authoritative and comprehensive source on environmental science to be collected together in a single volume. Unique in presenting both a basic overview and detailed information on environmental topics. Entries are arranged in an encyclopedic A-Z format and contain extensive cross-references to related entries, as well as references to primary and secondary literature. Over 370 separate entries prepared by 228 leading experts from 25 countries. Incorporates 25 substantial in-depth treatments of key areas and also includes biographies of leading scientists and environmentalists. Contains a comprehensive subject index and a citation index of all referenced authors. The Encyclopedia of Environmental Science is a multidisciplinary reference work, which crosses many fields of interest and includes a wide variety of scholarly and authoritative articles on mankind's environment. It provides information on the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and geosphere and is careful to focus on the connections between these realms and the Earth as a whole. Taken as a whole, the Encyclopedia surveys basic environmental science and applied areas of study, and is drawn from the physical sciences, life sciences and social sciences. The 228 authors from 25 different countries, many of whom are the leading authorities in their field, include biologists, ecologists, geographers, geologists, political scientists, soil scientists, hydrologists, climatologists, and representatives of many other disciplines and academic specialties. The work, which is amply referenced and cross-referenced, consists of substantial essays on major topics, medium-sized entries and short definitional entries. The shorter entries include useful biographies of leading scientists and environmentalists. The Encyclopedia will be invaluable to all readers interested in the environment of life on Earth, its past, present and future, and its physical and social dimensions. The text provides a source of well-classified basic information as well as covering the leading theories and important debates in the environmental sciences. In addition, the book also includes assessments of the future prospects for the Earth's environment in the face of pollution, population increases and the accelerating transformation of land, air, water and vegetational systems. The Encyclopedia is unique in presenting both a basic overview and detailed information on environmental topics and is suitable for the general scientific reader and the specialized environmental scientist in academic institutions, research laboratories or private practice.
Sediments are increasingly recognized as both a carrier and a possible source of contaminants in aquatic systems, and they may also affect groundwater quality and agricultural products when disposed on land. Four aspects are covered reflecting the development of knowledge in particle-associated pollutants during the past twenty-five years: - the identification, surveillance, monitoring and control of sources and distribution of pollutants, - the evaluation of solid/solution relations of contaminants in surface waters, - the study of in-situ processes and mechanisms of pollutant transfer in various compartments of the aquatic ecosystems, - the assessment of the environmental impact of particle-bound contaminants, i.e. the development of sediment quality criteria. A final chapter focusses on practical aspects concerning contaminated sediments.