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"Capacity design principles have reduced the earthquake-induced collapse risk in steel frame buildings designed in seismic regions. Experiments suggest that the steel column behaviour may be significantly compromised due to member and local geometric instabilities, thereby increasing the associated collapse risk and likelihood of building demolition due to residual deformations. The High Yield Point (HYP400) steel is a steel material that has a higher yield stress and notch toughness but less strain hardening than conventional mild steels. HYP400 steel could enhance capacity design principles, such as the strong-column-weak-beam (SCWB) ratio when they are utilized in steel columns and potentially increase the collapse capacity of steel moment resisting frames (MRFs) under earthquake shaking. This thesis advances the state-of-knowledge through a multi-scale (from material to system) level study to assess the potential use of high-performance steel materials in minimizing earthquake-induced collapse of steel MRFs. The primary focus is on the characterization of the collapse behaviour of HYP400 and conventional steel hollow square section (HSS) columns by means of experimental testing and corroborating numerical simulations. Dual-parameter collapse-consistent loading histories (i.e., axial load and lateral drift demands) are developed to better quantify the flexural and axial demands in both interior and end columns in steel MRFs. These protocols reflect the asymmetric drifting of a building in one primary loading direction prior to dynamic instability ("ratcheting"). They also reflect the seismic demands imposed into steel columns within a steel MRF subjected to near-fault and long-duration ground motions. A landmark experimental program is conducted that characterizes the collapse behaviour of wide-flange and HSS steel columns under cyclic loading. The experimental program highlights the differences in the seismic demands and failure modes observed in steel columns depending on the imposed lateral and axial loading history, expected ground motion characteristics and building topology. It is shown that column axial shortening dominates the steel column stability. The hysteretic behaviour of HSS steel columns is further evaluated through corroborating finite element (FE) simulations. The steel column pre- and post-buckling behaviour is fully characterized depending on the type of steel material including the HYP400 steel. The FE results provide insight on the main differences of the lateral and axial damage progression between interior and end columns within the same steel MRF bay. The experimental data and corroborating finite element studies provide the basis for the development of a versatile steel column deterioration model that can explicitly simulate the axial-bending interaction, the column axial shortening due to local buckling induced softening and the cyclic deterioration in the column's strength and stiffness. Local buckling-induced softening is modeled through the development of an equivalent stress-strain formulation that includes a softening branch and can be fully characterized through conventional stub column tests. System level dynamic collapse simulation studies are conducted with over 80 archetype buildings with steel MRF systems ranging from 2 to 12-stories. Emphasis is placed on the importance of column axial shortening on the seismic performance of steel MRFs. It is shown that depending on the ground motion type, column axial shortening may result into slab tilting and catenary action prior to collapse. It is also shown that the use of the HYP400 steel columns can potentially enhance the collapse capacity of steel MRFs and reduce the expected residual lateral and vertical deformations in the aftermath of earthquakes." --
This report, FEMA-350 - Recommended Seismic Design Criteria for New Steel Moment-Frame Buildings has been developed by the SAC Joint Venture under contract to the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to provide organizations engaged in the development of consensus design standards and building code provisions with recommended criteria for the design and construction of new buildings incorporating moment-resisting steel frame construction to resist the effects of earthquakes. It is one of a series of companion publications addressing the issue of the seismic performance of steel moment-frame buildings. The set of companion publications includes: FEMA-350 - Recommended Seismic Design Criteria for New Steel Moment-Frame Buildings. This publication provides recommended criteria, supplemental to FEMA-302 - 1997 NEHRP Recommended Provisions for Seismic Regulations for New Buildings and Other Structures, for the design and construction of steel moment-frame buildings and provides alternative performance-based design criteria. FEMA-351 - Recommended Seismic Evaluation and Upgrade Criteria for Existing Welded Steel Moment-Frame Buildings. This publication provides recommended methods to evaluate the probable performance of existing steel moment-frame buildings in future earthquakes and to retrofit these buildings for improved performance. FEMA-352 - Recommended Postearthquake Evaluation and Repair Criteria for Welded Steel Moment-Frame Buildings. This publication provides recommendations for performing postearthquake inspections to detect damage in steel moment-frame buildings following an earthquake, evaluating the damaged buildings to determine their safety in the postearthquake environment, and repairing damaged buildings. FEMA-353 - Recommended Specifications and Quality Assurance Guidelines for Steel Moment-Frame Construction for Seismic Applications. This publication provides recommended specifications for the fabrication and erection of steel moment frames for seismic applications. The recommended design criteria contained in the other companion documents are based on the material and workmanship standards contained in this document, which also includes discussion of the basis for the quality control and quality assurance criteria contained in the recommended specifications. The information contained in these recommended design criteria, hereinafter referred to as Recommended Criteria, is presented in the form of specific design and performance evaluation procedures together with supporting commentary explaining part of the basis for these recommendations.
In an era of new, composite materials and high-strength concrete, and with an increasing demand for sustainable building technologies, the importance of the role of steel in construction is being challenged.. Nonetheless, steel can successfully be used to refurbish and retrofit historical buildings, as well as being a material of choice for new building structures. Steel can effectively be combined with a variety of other materials to obtain structures which are characterized by a high-performance response under different types of static and dynamic activity. The proceedings contains nine keynote lectures from international experts, and is further divided into five sections: calculation models and methods; studies and advances in design codes; steel and mixed building technology; steel under exceptional actions; and steel in remarkable constructions and refurbishment.
Challenges, Opportunities and Solutions in Structural Engineering and Construction addresses the latest developments in innovative and integrative technologies and solutions in structural engineering and construction, including: Concrete, masonry, steel and composite structures; Dynamic impact and earthquake engineering; Bridges and
The first edition of this monograph, presenting accurate and efficient simulations of seismic damage to buildings and cities, has received significant attention from the research community. To keep abreast of the rapid development in recent years, our latest breakthrough achievements have been added to this new edition, including novel resilient structural components, secondary disaster simulations, emergency responses and resilient recovery of communities after earthquake. This edition comprehensively covers a range of numerical modeling approaches, higher performance computation methods, and high fidelity visualization techniques for earthquake disaster simulation of tall buildings and urban areas. It also demonstrates successful engineering applications of the proposed methodologies to typical landmark projects (e.g., Shanghai Tower and CITIC Tower, two of the world's tallest buildings; Beijing CBD and San Francisco Bay Area). Reported in this edition are a collection of about 60 high impact journal publications which have already received high citations.
The Rapid Visual Screening (RVS) handbook can be used by trained personnel to identify, inventory, and screen buildings that are potentially seismically vulnerable. The RVS procedure comprises a method and several forms that help users to quickly identify, inventory, and score buildings according to their risk of collapse if hit by major earthquakes. The RVS handbook describes how to identify the structural type and key weakness characteristics, how to complete the screening forms, and how to manage a successful RVS program.
This books analyzes different approaches to modeling earthquake-induced structural pounding and shows the results of the studies on collisions between buildings and between bridge segments during ground motions. Aspects related to the mitigation of pounding effects as well as the design of structures prone to pounding are also discussed. Earthquake-induced structural pounding between insufficiently separated buildings, and between bridge segments, has been repeatedly observed during ground motions. The reports after earthquakes indicate that it may result in limited local damage in the case of moderate seismic events, or in considerable destruction or even the collapse of colliding structures during severe ground motions. Pounding in buildings is usually caused by the differences in dynamic properties between structures, which make them vibrate out-of-phase under seismic excitation. In contrast, in the case of longer bridge structures, it is more often the seismic wave propagation effect that induces collisions between superstructure segments during earthquakes.
Prepared by the Technical Council on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering of ASCE. This TCLEE Monograph covers the entire range of fire following earthquake (FFE) issues, from historical fires to 20th-century fires in Kobe, San Francisco, Oakland, Berkeley, and Northridge. FFE has the potential of causing catastrophic losses in the United States, Japan, Canada, New Zealand, and other seismically active countries with wood houses. This comprehensive book on FFE and urban conflagrations provides state-of-the-practice insight on unique issues, such as large diameter flex hose applications by fire and water departments. Topics include: History of past fires; Computer modeling of fire spread in the post-earthquake urban environment; Concurrent damage and fire impacts for water, power gas, communication and transportation systems; Examples of reliable water systems built or designed in San Francisco, Vancouver, Berkeley, and Kyoto; Use of large diameter (5 in.) and ultralarge diameter (12 in.) flex hose for fire fighting and water restoration; and Cost-effectiveness of various FFE mitigation strategies, with a detailed benefit-cost model. Water utility engineers, fire fighting professionals, and emergency response planners will benefit from reading this book.