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This volume contains contributions from international experts, reflecting the rapid advances in the design of new improved bitumen and hydraulic bound composites, the trends in the use of waste and recycled materials and up-to-date methods of testing and evaluation.
Length changes were measured for low-porosity hardened portland cement pastes obtained from a Type I clinker using two different grinding aids, and from a Type II clinker using four. The water-cement ration was 0.2. Curing times for most pastes were 1 and 28 days. The pastes were exposed to a relative humidity of 42.7 percent, and for 30 days length was measured at intervals of 1 day or more. The results showed 1) that the type II pastes exhibited considerably less shrinkage than the Type I pastes after 1 day of curing, but that after 28 days differences in shrinkage were slight, 2) that the shrinkage differences due to different grinding aids were slight, 3) that pastes of clinkers ground to specific surfaces of about 6500 cm2/g showed less shrinkage than those of clinkers ground to higher surfaces, and 4) that the low-porosity pastes made from the same cement with a water-cement ratio of 0.4, and one-fourth to one-third as large as those made with a water-cement ration of 0.6. The main conclusion is that volume changes can be greatly reduced by using low-porosity cement pastes.
Performance of protective coatings for bridge decks is evaluated. Applications to bridges on the New York State highway system from 1961 through 1967 included 1) surface overlays, 2) membranes between the structural slab and bituminous wearing course, and 3) surface sealants. Overlays and membranes consisted of epoxies, polyesters, polyurethanes, latexes, neoprenes, silicone rubbers, and asphalt cutbacks. Surface sealants included silicones, distillate oils, and linseed oil. None of the surface overlays lasted more than 2 to 3 yr. However, a flexible polyester resin with fiber glass has provided satisfactory service for 1-1/2 yr and will remain under observation. Leakage of box-girder bridges with a membrane was primarily due to shear-key construction (since modified), while the same materials applied to composite bridges were associated with leakage that could not be explained. A more comprehensive survey of membranes is planned. Silicone and distillate oil sealants on non-air-entrained concrete did not improve long-term durability. Air-entrained concrete, both with and without linseed oil treatment, showed no evidence of deterioration after 4 yr of exposure.