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This publication draws on an IAEA coordinated research project and provides recommendations specific to the measurement and interpretation of radiation dose to children received as a result of undergoing diagnostic radiological examinations. It complements the work of Dosimetry in Diagnostic Radiology: A Code of Practice (Technical Report Series No. 457) and extends this work in methodologies for dosimetry in clinical environments to that required for non-adult patients. It includes dosimetry methodologies for general radiography, fluoroscopy and computer tomography for both phantom and patient measurements. Details are given on dose audit strategies that take into account the size of children and on how the results of such audits can be used to indicate or be related to diagnostic reference levels. The effects of radiation on non-adults are also reviewed, as are the factors involved in the management of paediatric dosage in the clinical setting.
Whenever a diagnostic or interventional X-ray examination of a pregnant patient is considered to be necessary, conceptus dose estimation is an essential step in assessing the radiogenic risks to the unborn child. Accurate estimation of embryo/fetus radiation dose is also needed after accidental exposure of a pregnant patient from an X-ray procedure. The exposure of pregnant patients to medical X-rays is often a complex case and involves emotionally sensitive issues for both prospective parents and physicians. Conceptus dose assessment is not always easy. Medical physicists should be able to assess conceptus doses and risks from diagnostic and interventional procedures and also to place the risk in a perspective from which an informed decision can be made. Pregnant medical professionals working with radiation have many misconceptions about the risks of ionizing radiation on the unborn child. Medical radiation workers of childbearing age should be aware that careful planning and dose optimization of examinations can address their concerns and permit, in the vast majority of cases, safe performance of procedures. Pediatric patients requiring diagnostic and interventional procedures are exposed to diagnostic and interventional X-rays. Pediatric patients are more sensitive to radiation than adults and, for this reason, accurate assessment of doses and risks is needed in these cases. Medical physicists should be able to assess paediatric doses and risks from diagnostic and interventional procedures. Several techniques and tools have been developed for dose optimization of radiographic, fluoroscopic, computed tomography and fluoroscopically-guided interventional pediatric procedures. The scan parameters should be adjusted for patient size and body region. Part of Series in Physics and Engineering in Medicine and Biology.
The most popular pediatric imaging text among radiology residents, program directors, and practitioners is now in its updated, expanded Third Edition. This edition's contributing authors include faculty of the Department of Radiology at Children's Hospital in Boston--the largest pediatric medical center in the United States. The state-of-the-art coverage highlights the expanding pediatric applications of ultrasound, CT, MRI, nuclear medicine, and vascular/interventional techniques. A new chapter on head and neck imaging is also included. Complementing the text are more than 2,000 scans and line drawings--over 1,300 new to this edition--as well as numerous diagnostic algorithms and tables of differential diagnosis.
This manual is a comprehensive guide to radiological imaging for the diagnosis of diseases and disorders in children. The fourth edition has been fully revised and features many new topics, providing the latest advances in the field. Divided into 35 chapters, the book covers all the main imaging modalities – CT, MRI, ultrasound and digital radiography, and their use in the diagnosis of disorders in different body systems. Numerous radiological images, tables and boxes further enhance the extensive text. Key points Comprehensive guide to radiological imaging in children Fully revised, fourth edition, featuring many new topics and latest advances Covers all the main imaging modalities accompanied by radiological photographs, tables and boxes Previous edition (9789350252055) published in 2011
This publication is intended to support those working in the field of diagnostic radiology dosimetry, both in standards laboratories involved in the calibration of dosimeters and those in clinical centres and hospitals where patient dosimetry and quality assurance measurements are of vital concern. This code of practice covers diverse dosimetric situations corresponding to the range of examinations found clinically, and includes guidance on dosimetry for general radiography, fluoroscopy, mammography, computed tomography and dental radiography. The material is presented in a practical way with guidance worksheets and examples of calculations. A set of appendices is also included with background and detailed discussion of important aspects of diagnostic radiology dosimetry.
Covering the entire spectrum of this fast-changing field, Diagnostic Imaging: Pediatrics, fourth edition, is an invaluable resource for pediatric radiologists, general radiologists, and trainees—anyone who requires an easily accessible, highly visual reference on today’s pediatric imaging. Dr. A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., and his team of highly regarded experts provide up-to-date information on recent advances in technology and safety in the imaging of children to help you make informed decisions at the point of care. The text is lavishly illustrated, delineated, and referenced, making it a useful learning tool as well as a handy reference for daily practice. Serves as a one-stop resource for key concepts and information on pediatric imaging, including a wealth of new material and content updates on more than 400 diagnoses Features more than 2,500 illustrations including radiologic images, full-color illustrations, endoscopic and bronchoscopic photographs, clinical photos, and gross pathology images Features updates from cover to cover including specifics from revised disease classifications and new terminology in best practices recommendations for radiologic reporting Reflects evolving imaging technology in conjunction with increased awareness of radiation, contrast, and anesthesia safety in children, and how these advances continue to alter pediatric imaging approaches Uses bulleted, succinct text and highly templated chapters for quick comprehension of essential information at the point of care
Paediatric patients have a higher average risk of developing cancer compared with adults receiving the same dose. The longer life expectancy in children allows more time for any harmful effects of radiation to manifest, and developing organs and tissues are more sensitive to the effects of radiation. This publication aims to provide guiding principles of radiological protection for referring clinicians and clinical staff performing diagnostic imaging and interventional procedures for paediatric patients. It begins with a brief description of the basic concepts of radiological protection, followed by the general aspects of radiological protection, including principles of justification and optimisation. Guidelines and suggestions for radiological protection in specific modalities – radiography and fluoroscopy, interventional radiology, and computed tomography – are subsequently covered in depth. The report concludes with a summary and recommendations.