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In order to reduce costs and improve the efficiency of district heating and cooling systems, the United Stated Department of Energy is seeking applications for research and development of new concepts, applications, and component technologies.
Used historically in urban areas but now mainly in institutions, district heating and cooling systemsâ€"efficient centralized energy systems that may use energy sources other than petroleumâ€"have gained renewed interest. This volume is a nontechnical examination of the history and current extent of district heating and cooling systems in the United States, their costs and benefits, technical requirements, market demand for them, and European experience with such systems, with major focus on the problems of financing, regulation, and taxation. Appendixes provide case studies of cities and towns currently using district heating and cooling systems.
This report evaluates the history and development of district heating and district cooling, together referred to as district energy, in North America, Western Europe, Asia, Eastern and Central Europe and the former Soviet Union. It reviews the key institutional, economic, financial, technical, and environmental issues in the countries of Eastern and Central Europe and the former Soviet Union in order to arrive at operationally relevant issues as well as to define opportunities for new activities to be supported by the World Bank.
This study reviews the history and development of district heating and district cooling, together referred to as district energy in North America, Western Europe, Asia, Eastern and Central Europe, and the Former Soviet Union (FSU). Experience from other parts of the world where DH systems exist could be beneficial to DH industry managers and regulators in Eastern and Central Europe and FSU countries in modernizing their management systems and improving their policies and practices to allow for the attraction of capital that is urgently needed. The report reviews, in a systematic manner, the key institutional, economic, financial, technical, and environmental issues in the countries of Eastern and Central Europe and the FSU with the goal of arriving at operationally relevant issues and defining the awareness and understanding of the nature of activities which can lead to increasing energy efficiency and the attractiveness of district energy to private financing.
A summary is given of the steps taken, contacts made, and results obtained from a survey conducted to locate computer programs that would be useful in the design and evaluation of district heating and cooling systems and to determine the level of computerization in this area. Documentation, which was available for each program, is reviewed to determine the general approach and area of application. Of interest in this study are existing distribution network computer programs for hot water, steam, chilled water, and natural gas.
In an earlier phase of this study, a survey was conducted of 82 engineering and consulting firms, government agencies, universities, trade associations, and utilities to identify computer programs that would be useful in the analysis of district heating and cooling systems. Four of the programs identified were accepted by BNL for further tests and evaluations, namely: Hydraulic Distribution Network Analysis Program (Consumers Gas Co.); Gas Steady-State System GASSS (Stoner Associates); Liquid Steady-State System LIQSS (Stoner Associates); and SYNTHA III (SYNTHA Corp.). Brief descriptions of each program along with the names and addresses of the owners are provided in Appendix A. This report presents the results of the evaluation of these programs. The evaluation was performed by actually running sample distribution systems on each program. Appendix B and Appendix C contain the data for the hot-water system and the steam-distribution system, respectively. Appendix D presents samples of input and output.
This book focuses on spatial planning – an important determinant of energy saving and renewable energy supply. Revealing the key driving forces for spatial development supporting the shift towards energy efficiency and renewable energy supplies, it shows the importance of integrated spatial and energy planning approaches for a timely and sustainable change of energy systems, thus supporting policies of climate protection. As operating within the context of renewable energy sources is becoming a major policy issue at the international, European and national level, spatial dimensions of renewable energy systems as well as challenges, barriers and opportunities in different spatial contexts become more important. This book analyses not only the fundamental system interrelations between resources, technologies and consumption patterns with respect to energy, but also the links to the spatial context, and provides guidelines for researchers as well as practitioners in this new, emerging field. It presents innovative analytical tools to solve real-world problems and discusses the most important fields of action in integrated spatial and energy planning including planning contents, planning visions and principles as well as planning process design and planning methodology.
Discusses district heating and cooling systems and describes related legislation in Connecticut.