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In the last ?fteen years two seemingly unrelated problems, one in computer science and the other in measure theory, were solved by amazingly similar techniques from representation theory and from analytic number theory. One problem is the - plicit construction of expanding graphs («expanders»). These are highly connected sparse graphs whose existence can be easily demonstrated but whose explicit c- struction turns out to be a dif?cult task. Since expanders serve as basic building blocks for various distributed networks, an explicit construction is highly des- able. The other problem is one posed by Ruziewicz about seventy years ago and studied by Banach [Ba]. It asks whether the Lebesgue measure is the only ?nitely additive measure of total measure one, de?ned on the Lebesgue subsets of the n-dimensional sphere and invariant under all rotations. The two problems seem, at ?rst glance, totally unrelated. It is therefore so- what surprising that both problems were solved using similar methods: initially, Kazhdan’s property (T) from representation theory of semi-simple Lie groups was applied in both cases to achieve partial results, and later on, both problems were solved using the (proved) Ramanujan conjecture from the theory of automorphic forms. The fact that representation theory and automorphic forms have anything to do with these problems is a surprise and a hint as well that the two questions are strongly related.
This text is intended to serve as an introduction to the geometry of the action of discrete groups of Mobius transformations. The subject matter has now been studied with changing points of emphasis for over a hundred years, the most recent developments being connected with the theory of 3-manifolds: see, for example, the papers of Poincare [77] and Thurston [101]. About 1940, the now well-known (but virtually unobtainable) Fenchel-Nielsen manuscript appeared. Sadly, the manuscript never appeared in print, and this more modest text attempts to display at least some of the beautiful geo metrical ideas to be found in that manuscript, as well as some more recent material. The text has been written with the conviction that geometrical explana tions are essential for a full understanding of the material and that however simple a matrix proof might seem, a geometric proof is almost certainly more profitable. Further, wherever possible, results should be stated in a form that is invariant under conjugation, thus making the intrinsic nature of the result more apparent. Despite the fact that the subject matter is concerned with groups of isometries of hyperbolic geometry, many publications rely on Euclidean estimates and geometry. However, the recent developments have again emphasized the need for hyperbolic geometry, and I have included a comprehensive chapter on analytical (not axiomatic) hyperbolic geometry. It is hoped that this chapter will serve as a "dictionary" offormulae in plane hyperbolic geometry and as such will be of interest and use in its own right.
This proceedings presents the latest research materials done on group theory from geometrical viewpoint in particular Gromov's theory of hyperbolic groups, Coxeter groups, Tits buildings and actions on real trees. All these are very active subjects.
This book is the first set of proceedings to be devoted entirely to the theory of hypergeometric functions defined on domains of positivity. Most of the scientific areas in which these functions are applied include analytic number theory, combinatorics, harmonic analysis, random walks, representation theory, and mathematical physics - are represented here. This volume is based largely on lectures presented at a Special Session at the AMS meeting in Tampa, Florida in March 1991, which was devoted to hypergeometric functions of matrix argument and to fostering communication among representatives of the diverse scientific areas in which these functions are utilized. Accessible to graduate students and others seeking an introduction to the state of the art in this area, this book is a suitable text for advanced graduate seminar courses for it contains many open problems.
In the ten years since the publication of the best-selling first edition, more than 1,000 graph theory papers have been published each year. Reflecting these advances, Handbook of Graph Theory, Second Edition provides comprehensive coverage of the main topics in pure and applied graph theory. This second edition-over 400 pages longer than its prede
Die jüngsten Entwicklungen zeigen, dass sich Wahrscheinlichkeitsverfahren zu einem sehr wirkungsvollen Werkzeug entwickelt haben, und das auf so unterschiedlichen Gebieten wie statistische Physik, dynamische Systeme, Riemann'sche Geometrie, Gruppentheorie, harmonische Analyse, Graphentheorie und Informatik.
Embeddings of discrete metric spaces into Banach spaces recently became an important tool in computer science and topology. The purpose of the book is to present some of the most important techniques and results, mostly on bilipschitz and coarse embeddings. The topics include: (1) Embeddability of locally finite metric spaces into Banach spaces is finitely determined; (2) Constructions of embeddings; (3) Distortion in terms of Poincaré inequalities; (4) Constructions of families of expanders and of families of graphs with unbounded girth and lower bounds on average degrees; (5) Banach spaces which do not admit coarse embeddings of expanders; (6) Structure of metric spaces which are not coarsely embeddable into a Hilbert space; (7) Applications of Markov chains to embeddability problems; (8) Metric characterizations of properties of Banach spaces; (9) Lipschitz free spaces. Substantial part of the book is devoted to a detailed presentation of relevant results of Banach space theory and graph theory. The final chapter contains a list of open problems. Extensive bibliography is also included. Each chapter, except the open problems chapter, contains exercises and a notes and remarks section containing references, discussion of related results, and suggestions for further reading. The book will help readers to enter and to work in a very rapidly developing area having many important connections with different parts of mathematics and computer science.
This collection of survey articles focuses on recent developments at the boundary between geometry, dynamical systems, number theory and combinatorics.
This volume contains papers from the special program and international conference on Dynamical Numbers which were held at the Max-Planck Institute in Bonn, Germany in 2009. These papers reflect the extraordinary range and depth of the interactions between ergodic theory and dynamical systems and number theory. Topics covered in the book include stationary measures, systems of enumeration, geometrical methods, spectral methods, and algebraic dynamical systems.