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Summary: The increase of reactive nitrogen due to anthropogenic nutrient inputs is a widespread problem in the aquatic environment which can lead to significant alterations of the nitrogen cycle and thus to a general increase in eutrophication. Processes of N-turnover, such as nitrification and denitrification, can be influenced by an increased level of reactive nitrogen and contribute to an intensified production of the climate-relevant greenhouse gas N2O (nitrous oxide). This thesis demonstrates human-driven accelerations of the nitrogen cycle and their effect on water column reactive N internal processing and on N2O production. In a small river, it is demonstrated that even an intensification of internal N-turnover processes cannot counteract additional nutrient inputs. Furthermore, by using high-resolution measurements of N2O, it is shown that such enhancement of nitrification and denitrification contributes to substantial N2O production and resulting emissions. The first part of this thesis (chapter 2) describes the influences of an anthropogenic gradient on internal nutrient cycling processes, i.e. nitrate production and consumption, in a small river. It is shown that contribution of nitrate due to nitrification decreases with increasing eutrophication, although sedimentary nitrate production is enhanced and contributes to nitrate concentration in the river. Similarly, additional nutrient increase leads to an increased nitrate consumption rate in the river sediment, regardless of seasonality. Although nitrate removal always exceeded internal nitrate production, the filter capacity of the sediment is limited and overwhelmed by surplus N inputs. Besides their impact on the water column nitrate inventory (or the lack thereof), nitrification and denitrification are significant sources of nitrous oxide (N2O). Both processes have been investigated individually in the Elbe estuary, but their integrated effect on N2O concentration in the contemporary estuary is unclear. By using transect measurements, the Hamburg port region was identified as a hot-spot of biological N2O production, as demonstrated in chapter 3. This is mainly due to nitrification, but also denitrification can contribute to additional N2O in the area of lowest measured oxygen values. Relating to the entire Elbe estuary freshwater area, and contrary to measurements in the late 80s, internal N2O processes appear to have changed from denitrification to nitrification as the main N2O contributing source. It is notable, that N2O saturation did not decrease since the middle of the 90s, even though a continuous nutrient decrease occurred since the late 80s. Since the port of Hamburg was identified as the area with highest N2O production, N2O dynamics in this area are examined in chapter 4 by stationary measurements in a tide controlled context. Stationary measurements showed an increase of N2O concentration with ebb tides and, as already concluded from transect measurements, N2O production in this low oxygen area is mainly attributed to in-situ production, i.e. by means of nitrification and denitrification. An increased remineralization and abiotic factors, such as a decrease in oxygen concentration and a lower discharge can further lead to an intensified internal N2O production by fueling nitrogen turnover processes. In addition, a small contribution of allochthonous N2O can be allocated to N2O derived from harbor basins and/or riparian zones and thus is a minor N2O source. The research conducted within the present thesis confirms the port of Hamburg as a hot-spot of biological N2O production and as a constant net source of N2O emissions to the atmosphere.
Nitrification and denitrification are essential processes for the aquatic ecological system and vital for human health. While ammonia is applied for disinfection together with chlorine to produce chloramine, excessive ammonia may cause nitrification and bacteria growth in the water transmission pipeline. Since excessive discharge may cause eutrophication and deterioration of the aquatic system, nitrate is regulated for wastewater discharge in sensitive areas. Further, nitrate needs to be monitored and controlled in drinking water treatment to protect against methemoglobinemia in bottle-fed infants. Various conventional technologies exist, such as adsorption, ion exchange, photocatalytic oxidation, air stripping, biological nitrification and denitrification, and so on, to remove nitrogenous compounds from water. Since ammonia and nitrate are important constituents in fertilizers besides phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), nutrient recovery is drawing attention to maintaining the supply of reliable and sustainable fertilizers. This book provides a comprehensive overview of nitrification and denitrification.
This book contains the papers presented at a Nato Advanced Re­ search Workshop entitled "DENITRIFICATION IN THE N-CYCLE," held in Braunschweig (W-Germany) from 24 to 27 Mai 1983. All expenses were provided by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. The scientific programme was in the first instance planned by some members of the Eco-Science Panel under the stimulating organization of Dr. Oscar Ravera and the final programme was prepared in co-operation between Ravera and myself. However, even during the meeting important con­ tributions were added. The meeting was hosted by the Microbiologi­ cal Dept. of F.A.L., which also took care of the organizatory as­ pects. Nitrate is constantly lost from both terrestial and aquatic ecosystems, causing rnixed feelings between ecologists and agricul­ turists. While bacteriologically very rnuch is known, the ecology of the processes is still poorly understood, nor can it be evaluated what it rneans as an econornic loss for farrners and world food produc­ tion. Therefore this NATO Advanced Workshop was established to per­ mit a lirnited nurnber of scientists active in this field to corne to­ gether for a short while to address the following objectives: 1) To exchange ideas between scientists (bacteriologists and ecologists) and agronornists. 2) To assess the state of the art. 3) To discuss the difficulties of experimentation in the field. 4) To define future research. In order to accornplish these objectives, the workshopwas organ­ ized in three parts with the following thernes: 1) Bacteriological aspects of dentrification.
Denitrification is a process occurring in natural environments, such as soil, marine and fresh waters, where the role of the nitrogen cycle is relevant. Denitrificiation is defined as an anoxic biological process, which involves the reduction of nitrate or nitrite to molecular nitrogen. In this book, the authors present topical research in the study of the processes, regulation and ecological significance of denitrification. Topics discussed include the biological removal of nitrogen compounds from wastewaters; biofilm reactors in denitrification processes; design ecological treatment systems for nitrogen removal through nitritation and anammox; microbial water denitrification stimulated by electric fields and denitrification in plant-beneficial bacteria.
The Prokaryotes is a comprehensive, multi-authored, peer reviewed reference work on Bacteria and Achaea. This fourth edition of The Prokaryotes is organized to cover all taxonomic diversity, using the family level to delineate chapters. Different from other resources, this new Springer product includes not only taxonomy, but also prokaryotic biology and technology of taxa in a broad context. Technological aspects highlight the usefulness of prokaryotes in processes and products, including biocontrol agents and as genetics tools. The content of the expanded fourth edition is divided into two parts: Part 1 contains review chapters dealing with the most important general concepts in molecular, applied and general prokaryote biology; Part 2 describes the known properties of specific taxonomic groups. Two completely new sections have been added to Part 1: bacterial communities and human bacteriology. The bacterial communities section reflects the growing realization that studies on pure cultures of bacteria have led to an incomplete picture of the microbial world for two fundamental reasons: the vast majority of bacteria in soil, water and associated with biological tissues are currently not culturable, and that an understanding of microbial ecology requires knowledge on how different bacterial species interact with each other in their natural environment. The new section on human microbiology deals with bacteria associated with healthy humans and bacterial pathogenesis. Each of the major human diseases caused by bacteria is reviewed, from identifying the pathogens by classical clinical and non-culturing techniques to the biochemical mechanisms of the disease process. The 4th edition of The Prokaryotes is the most complete resource on the biology of prokaryotes. The following volumes are published consecutively within the 4th Edition: Prokaryotic Biology and Symbiotic Associations Prokaryotic Communities and Ecophysiology Prokaryotic Physiology and Biochemistry Applied Bacteriology and Biotechnology Human Microbiology Actinobacteria Firmicutes Alphaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria Gammaproteobacteria Deltaproteobacteria and Epsilonproteobacteria Other Major Lineages of Bacteria and the Archaea
The globally important nature of wetland ecosystems has led to their increased protection and restoration as well as their use in engineered systems. Underpinning the beneficial functions of wetlands are a unique suite of physical, chemical, and biological processes that regulate elemental cycling in soils and the water column. This book provides an in-depth coverage of these wetland biogeochemical processes related to the cycling of macroelements including carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur, secondary and trace elements, and toxic organic compounds. In this synthesis, the authors combine more than 100 years of experience studying wetlands and biogeochemistry to look inside the black box of elemental transformations in wetland ecosystems. This new edition is updated throughout to include more topics and provide an integrated view of the coupled nature of biogeochemical cycles in wetland systems. The influence of the elemental cycles is discussed at a range of scales in the context of environmental change including climate, sea level rise, and water quality. Frequent examples of key methods and major case studies are also included to help the reader extend the basic theories for application in their own system. Some of the major topics discussed are: Flooded soil and sediment characteristics Aerobic-anaerobic interfaces Redox chemistry in flooded soil and sediment systems Anaerobic microbial metabolism Plant adaptations to reducing conditions Regulators of organic matter decomposition and accretion Major nutrient sources and sinks Greenhouse gas production and emission Elemental flux processes Remediation of contaminated soils and sediments Coupled C-N-P-S processes Consequences of environmental change in wetlands# The book provides the foundation for a basic understanding of key biogeochemical processes and its applications to solve real world problems. It is detailed, but also assists the reader with box inserts, artfully designed diagrams, and summary tables all supported by numerous current references. This book is an excellent resource for senior undergraduates and graduate students studying ecosystem biogeochemistry with a focus in wetlands and aquatic systems.
This textbook provides a unique and thorough look at the application of chemical biomarkers to aquatic ecosystems. Defining a chemical biomarker as a compound that can be linked to particular sources of organic matter identified in the sediment record, the book indicates that the application of these biomarkers for an understanding of aquatic ecosystems consists of a biogeochemical approach that has been quite successful but underused. This book offers a wide-ranging guide to the broad diversity of these chemical biomarkers, is the first to be structured around the compounds themselves, and examines them in a connected and comprehensive way. This timely book is appropriate for advanced undergraduate and graduate students seeking training in this area; researchers in biochemistry, organic geochemistry, and biogeochemistry; researchers working on aspects of organic cycling in aquatic ecosystems; and paleoceanographers, petroleum geologists, and ecologists. Provides a guide to the broad diversity of chemical biomarkers in aquatic environments The first textbook to be structured around the compounds themselves Describes the structure, biochemical synthesis, analysis, and reactivity of each class of biomarkers Offers a selection of relevant applications to aquatic systems, including lakes, rivers, estuaries, oceans, and paleoenvironments Demonstrates the utility of using organic molecules as tracers of processes occurring in aquatic ecosystems, both modern and ancient
Developed from a symposium sponsored by the Division of Environmental Chemistry, at the 203rd National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, San Francisco, California, April 5-10, 1992.