Download Free Development Of An Advanced Jp 8 Fuel Book in PDF and EPUB Free Download. You can read online Development Of An Advanced Jp 8 Fuel and write the review.

This report provides a critical review of toxicologic, epidemiologic, and other relevant data on jet-propulsion fuel 8, a type of fuel in wide use by the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD), and an evaluation of the scientific basis of DOD's interim permissible exposure level of 350 mg/m3
Technical effort was directed at increasing the design limit of current JP-8 fuel from 325 deg F (163 deg C) to 425 deg F (218 deg C) at the fuel nozzle. The objective was to accomplish this near-term thermal stability goal solely through the use of a fuel soluble additive package. JP-Thermally stable fuel was considered the thermal stability target since it has the high- temperature properties sought from the significantly more economical JP-8 + 100 formulation. The additives were evaluated in an additive-free Jet A considered typical of fuel most likely to be encountered in the field. DuPont JFA-5, currently the only accepted thermally stability improving additive, was considered state of the art and used as a bench mark. Additive manufacturers were surveyed and solicited for candidate additives that had potential for improving fuel thermal oxidative stability. Test methods were developed and/or refined for use in screening additives. Using the Hot Liquid Process Simulator (HLPS) in conjunction with a LECO Carbon Determinator, 152 additives were screened. Additive performance was ranked based on surface carbon and differential pressure. Additional screening was performed using the Isothermal Corrosion Oxidation Test (ICOT). Additives screened included oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen-type antioxidants; dispersants; detergents; metal deactivators; antifoulants; and proprietary thermal stability improvers. Twenty-seven experimental blends comprised of various additive combinations were tested. Five baseline fuels were evaluated.
The primary human activities that release carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere are the combustion of fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, and oil) to generate electricity, the provision of energy for transportation, and as a consequence of some industrial processes. Although aviation CO2 emissions only make up approximately 2.0 to 2.5 percent of total global annual CO2 emissions, research to reduce CO2 emissions is urgent because (1) such reductions may be legislated even as commercial air travel grows, (2) because it takes new technology a long time to propagate into and through the aviation fleet, and (3) because of the ongoing impact of global CO2 emissions. Commercial Aircraft Propulsion and Energy Systems Research develops a national research agenda for reducing CO2 emissions from commercial aviation. This report focuses on propulsion and energy technologies for reducing carbon emissions from large, commercial aircraftâ€" single-aisle and twin-aisle aircraft that carry 100 or more passengersâ€"because such aircraft account for more than 90 percent of global emissions from commercial aircraft. Moreover, while smaller aircraft also emit CO2, they make only a minor contribution to global emissions, and many technologies that reduce CO2 emissions for large aircraft also apply to smaller aircraft. As commercial aviation continues to grow in terms of revenue-passenger miles and cargo ton miles, CO2 emissions are expected to increase. To reduce the contribution of aviation to climate change, it is essential to improve the effectiveness of ongoing efforts to reduce emissions and initiate research into new approaches.
This project focuses on the compositional factors affecting jet fuel thermal stability at high temperatures. The chemical composition of the four jet fuel samples (JP-8C, JP-8P, JP-7P, Jet A-1) and Wilsonville middle distillates was characterized by using selective ion monitoring technique in GC-MS analysis. The thermal treatment tests have been performed on jet fuels and a series of model compounds including tetralin, decalin, ethylcyclohexane, butylcyclohexane, n-butylbenzene, t-butylbenzene, n-octane, n-decane, and n-tetradecane. Deposit samples from an actual aircraft fuel system as well as those produced from jet fuels and model compounds in microautoclaves were characterized by FTIR and polarized-light microscopy. Experiments were conducted to find the optimum amount of antioxidant 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol necessary to minimize the solid formation upon thermal stressing of JP8 neat and Jet A-1 fuel samples. The chemistry of thermal degradation of the fuel and antioxidant mixtures was studied by using FTIR to characterize the liquid products from thermal stressing.
A program to evaluate the effects of additives on JP-8 fuel lubricity at high temperatures is described. Operating temperatures to 163 C were examined, with a subsequent program goal of 315 C. Baseline data were obtained using the Ball-on-Cylinder Lubricity Evaluator (BOCLE). High-temperature data were obtained with an apparatus known as the Cameron-Plint High Frequency Reciprocating Machine. The most significant effect of variables observed was a consequence of a change in wear specimen material from 52100 steel to M-50 steel--the latter considered to be representative of advanced fuel system designs. Use of M-50 wear coupons resulted in considerably reduced wear levels with only slight separation between neat or additized fuels. M-50 specimen roughness was a major influence in wear level. At finalized test conditions, a dibasic acid ester, di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate, was found to give the lowest wear values when used as an additive in clay-treated JP-8, although distinctions between the various additized fuels were not large.
This book comprehensively and systematically demonstrates the theory and practice of designing, synthesizing and improving the performance of fuels. The contents range from polycyoalkane fuels, strained fuels, alky-diamondoid fuels, hypergolic and nanofluid fuels derived from fossil and biomass. All the chapters together clearly describe the important aspects of high-energy-density fuels including molecular design, synthesis route, physiochemical properties, and their application in improving the aerocraft performance. Vivid schematics and illustrations throughout the book enhance the accessibility to the relevant theory and technologies. This book provides the readers with fundamentals on high-energy-density fuels and their potential in advanced aerospace propulsion, and also provides the readers with inspiration for new development of advanced aerospace fuels.
This report highlights studies performed in support of the development of advanced jet fuels, including JP-8+100, JP-900, and endothermic fuels. For the development of JP-8+100 fuel, we have tested hundreds of additives in both small and large scale test devices. We formulated combinations of the best additives (detergent/dispersant, hindered phenol antioxidant, and metal deactivator) and demonstrated their efficacy in reducing deposition under realistic aircraft conditions in large-scale simulator rigs. We optimized the concentrations of these additives for maximum effectiveness and minimum cost. We performed extensive studies of the compatibility of these fuel additives with current and future aircraft fuel system materials. We determined that the current best additives show no negative effects on both metallic and non-metallic fuel system materials. We also performed extensive studies on the fundamental processes of fuel oxidation, deposition, and pyrolysis. We made progress in support of development of future fuels such as JP-900 and endothermic fuels. Data set summaries of the much of the data obtained during the contract period are contained in the accompanying volume entitled, "Combustion and Heat Transfer; Volume 2 - Advanced Jet Fuels Data Sets."