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During the past decades, the demand for biomaterials with good biocompatibility is increasing with the rapid development of advanced medical technologies, such as biosensors, implantable chips, hemodialysis and biopharmaceutical application. Currently, high biocompatibility can be achieved by hydrophilic polymers, such as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), polysaccharides, and zwitterionic polymers. These hydrophilic polymers can form a stable hydration layer through hydrogen bonding with water molecules in their aqueous environment and these hydration layers further prevent non-specific protein adsorption onto, and immune recognition of, the material surfaces. Among all hydrophilic materials, zwitterionic carboxybetaine (CB) distinguishes itself from the rest for its exceptional biocompatibility, superior hydration capability, low immunogenicity, and high stability as well as its potential for further functionalization. However, a reliable method to successfully introduce the biocompatible polymer onto the target surfaces still persists as a challenge. For example, "graft-from" methods, exemplified by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) can provide a dense layer but the harsh polymerization conditions and high cost impeded its large scale industrialization. On the other hand, "graft-to" methods are economic and realistic but their performance is highly surface-dependent and needs challenging optimization. There is a realistic demand to develop facile yet effective coating techniques. In this thesis, we aim to develop a universal coating technique that can have the advantages of "graft-to" and "graft-from" methods, is facile to use and generates a dense coating layer. This coating method can create an excellent biocompatible layer onto all surfaces thought a simple dip-coating process. To achieve this goal, we developed a series of (PCB)m-(DOPA)n (m=1,4 and n=1,2,4) conjugates with different combinations of polycarboxybetaine (PCB) and mussel-inspired binding groups (DOPA) groups to find out what is the optimal molecular structure for modifying surfaces. We found that the structure of the conjugates affects their coating performance: a star-shaped PCB chain structures combined with multiple DOPA groups can significantly increase the coating performance. In order to test the universal-protection ability of the molecules, we next applied this coating material on to respiratory devices to test the performance of a coating in an in vivo sheep and rabbit study. We demonstrated that through our universal coating technique, the PCB-DOPA coating can significantly improve the respiratory device lifespan from 4 hours to 35 hours and can reduce thrombosis in sheep studies. Expanding upon the well-known non-fouling ability of PCB coatings, we developed a new conjugate that can covalently immobilize bovine serum albumin antibody (anti-BSA) and fibrinogen antibody (anti-Fg) onto the PCB polymers. This coating was then applied onto a paper-based sensor surface via a "graft-to" immersion process to render the surface with both nonfouling and protein functionalizable properties. The coated paper sensor showed accelerated diffusion of analytes and improved sensitivity of glucose detection, particularly in real-world complex media such as human blood serum. Lastly, we propose a new method to detect the complement activation level in the blood exposed to biomaterials. This detection method can improve the current measuring techniques by achieving a more accurate measurement. By tailoring and molecule structure and chemistry, we have explored the strategies to improve the performance of non-fouling coating molecules. This new zwitterionic coating is developed to address major challenges associated with blood compatibility. These new molecules can not only greatly improve the life span and performance of medical devices, but also reduce the unfavorable immune response compare to current so-called "bio-inert" materials.
The coexistence of anions and cations in zwitterionic hydrogels results in electrostatic interactions between the polymer chains. This structure endows zwitterionic hydrogels with higher ion sensitivity and promising properties, such as anti-polyelectrolyte and thermosensitive effects. Hydrophilic groups on the molecular backbone give zwitterionic hydrogels good biocompatibility, and they effectively resist the non-specific adsorption of proteins. The abundant functional groups on the molecular skeleton also facilitate the chemical modification of zwitterionic hydrogels. In recent years, these excellent properties have made zwitterionic hydrogels broadly interesting and they have been heavily studied for medical applications. A comprehensive review will help researchers have a deeper understanding of zwitterionic hydrogels and their potential applications. In this review, the types, functional characteristics, and applications in the biomedicine of zwitterionic hydrogels are summarized in detail. In addition, the challenges and opportunities for using zwitterionic hydrogels for biomedical applications are discussed.
The book series Nanomaterials for the Life Sciences, provides an in-depth overview of all nanomaterial types and their uses in the life sciences. Each volume is dedicated to a specific material class and covers fundamentals, synthesis and characterization strategies, structure-property relationships and biomedical applications. The series brings nanomaterials to the Life Scientists and life science to the Materials Scientists so that synergies are seen and developed to the fullest. Written by international experts of various facets of this exciting field of research, the series is aimed at scientists of the following disciplines: biology, chemistry, materials science, physics, bioengineering, and medicine, together with cell biology, biomedical engineering, pharmaceutical chemistry, and toxicology, both in academia and fundamental research as well as in pharmaceutical companies. VOLUME 5 - Nanostructured Thin Films and Surfaces
Advances In Smart Coatings And Thin Films For Future Industrial and Biomedical Engineering Applications discusses in detail, the recent trends in designing, fabricating and manufacturing of smart coatings and thin films for future high-tech. industrial applications related to transportation, aerospace and biomedical engineering. Chapters cover fundamental aspects and diverse approaches used to fabricate smart self-healing anti-corrosion coatings, shape-memory coatings, polymeric and nano-bio-ceramic cotings, bio-inspired and stimuli-responsive coatings for smart surfaces with antibacterial activkity and controlled wettability, and electrically conductive coatings and their emerging applications. With the emphasis on advanced methodologies and recent emerging applications of smart multifunctional coatings and thin films, this book is essential reading for materials scientists and rsearchers working in chemical sciences, advanced materials, sensors, pharmaceutical and biomedical engineering. Discusses the most recent advances and innovations in smart multifunctional coatings and thin films in the transportation, aerospace and biomedical engineering industries Highlights the synthesis methods, processing, testing and characterization of smart coatings and thin films Reviews the current prospects and future trends within the industry
Biomaterials work in contact with living matter and this gives a number of specific requirements for their surface properties, such as bioinertness or bioactivity, antibiofouling, and so on. Surface engineering based on physical, chemical, physical-chemical, biochemical or biological principles is important for the preparation of biomaterials with the desired biocontact properties. This book helps the reader gain the knowledge to enable them to work in such a rapidly developing area, with a comprehensive list of references given for each chapter. Strategies for tailoring the biological response through the creation of biomaterial surfaces resistant to fouling are discussed. Methods of eliciting specific biomolecular interactions that can be further combined with patterning techniques to engineer adhesive areas in a noninteractive background are also covered. The theoretical basis of surface engineering for improvement of biocontact properties of polymeric biomaterials as well as the current state-of-the-art of the surface engineering of polymeric biomaterials are presented. The book also includes information on the most used conventional and advanced surface engineering methods. The book is targeted at researchers, post-doctorates, graduate students, and those already working in the field of biomaterials with a special interest in the creation of polymeric materials with improved biocontact properties via surface engineering.
The biomaterials sector is rapidly expanding and significant advances have been made in the technology of biomedical coatings and materials, which provide a means to improve the wear of joints, change the biological interaction between implant and host and combine the properties of various materials to improve device performance. Coatings for biomedical applications provides an extensive review of coating types and surface modifications for biomedical applications. The first part of the book explores a range of coating types and their biomedical applications. Chapters look at hydrophilic, mineral and pyrolytic carbon coatings in and ex vivo orthopaedic applications and finally at surface modification and preparation techniques. Part two presents case studies of orthopaedic and ophthalmic coatings, and biomedical applications including vascular stents, cardiopulomonary by-pass equipment and ventricular assist devices. With its clear structure and comprehensive review of research, Coatings for biomedical applications is a valuable resource to researchers, scientists and engineers in the biomedical industry. It will also benefit anyone studying or working within the biomedical sector, particularly those specialising in biomedical coatings. Provides an extensive review of coating types and surface modifications for biomedical applications Chapters look at hydrophilic coatings for biomedical applications in and ex vivo, mineral coatings for orthopaedic applications, pyrolytic carbon coating and other commonly-used biomedical coatings Presents case studies of orthopaedic and ophthalmic coatings, and biomedical applications including vascular stents, cardiopulomonary by-pass equipment and ventricular assist devices
Green Adhesives: Preparation, Properties and Applications deals with the fabrication methods, characterization, and applications of green adhesives. It also includes the collective properties of waterborne, bio, and wound-healing green adhesives. Exclusive attention is devoted to discussing the applications of green adhesives in biomedical coatings, food, and industrial applications.
Biofouling is a serious problem in the medical, marine, and several other industrial fields as it poses significant health risks and financial losses. Therefore, there is a great need to endow surfaces with antifouling and antimicrobial properties to mitigate biofouling. For long-term biofouling resistance, a unifunctional antimicrobial or non-adhesive surface is insufficient for preventing biofilm formation. To overcome this limitation, non-adhesive and antimicrobial dual-functional surfaces are highly desirable. Zwitterionic polymers have been used extensively as one of the best antifouling materials for surface modification. Being a super hydrophilic polymer, zwitterionic polymers need a strong binding agent to maintain attachment to the surface for long-term applications. In this thesis work, new strategies have been explored for surface modification to covalently graft zwitterionic polymers using mussel-inspired dopamine chemistry and prebiotic chemistry for long-term antifouling and antimicrobial applications. In the first project, a facile surface modification technique using dopamine chemistry was developed to prepare a super hydrophilic coating with both antifouling and antimicrobial properties. Catechol containing adhesive monomer dopamine methacrylamide (DMA) was copolymerized with bioinspired zwitterionic 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) monomer, and the synthesized copolymers were covalently grafted onto the amino (−NH2) rich polyethylenimine (PEI)/polydopamine (PDA) codeposited surface to obtain a stable antifouling surface. The resulting surface was used for in situ deposition of antimicrobial silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), facilitated by the presence of catechol groups of the coating. This dual functional coating significantly reduced the adhesion of both Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and showed excellent resistance to bovine serum albumin adsorption. This bioinspired and efficient surface modification strategy with dual functional coating promises its potential application in implantable biomedical devices. In the second project, a smart surface was developed which can not only kill the attached microbials but also can release the dead cells and foulants from the surface under a particular incitement on demand. In this project, sugar responsive self-cleaning coating was developed by forming covalent boronic ester bonds between catechol groups from polydopamine and benzoxaborole pendant from zwitterionic and cationic polymers. To incorporate antifouling property and enhance biocompatibility of the coating, zwitterionic compound MPC was chosen and benzoxaborole pendant containing zwitterionic polymer poly (MPC-st-MAABO) (MAABO: 5-Methacrylamido-1,2-benzoxaborole) was synthesized. Additionally, to impart antibacterial properties to the surface, quaternary ammonium containing cationic polymer poly (2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl trimethylammonium (META)-st-MAABO)) was synthesized. These synthesized polymers were covalently grafted to PDA coated surface by forming a strong cyclic boronic ester complex with catechol group of PDA layer endowing the surface with bacteria contact-killing property and capturing specific protein. After the addition of cis-diol containing competitive molecules i.e. sugars, this boronic ester complex with catechol group of PDA was replaced and attached polymer layer cleaved from the surface resulting in the release of both absorbed protein and live/killed bacteria electrostatically attached to the polymer layer. This dynamic self-cleaning surface can be a promising material for biomedical applications avoiding the gathering of dead cells and debris which is typically encountered on traditional biocidal surfaces. In practice macro or micro scratches or damages can happen to the coating which can act as an active site for microbial deposition and destroy the antifouling or antibacterial functionality of the coating. In the third project, an excellent biocompatible and multifunctional coating with antifouling, antibacterial and self-healing property was developed. Prebiotic chemistry inspired self-polymerization of AMN was used as a primary coating layer which act as a primer to graft vitamin B5 analogous methacrylamide polymer poly(B5AMA) and zwitterionic compound MPC containing polymer poly (MPC-st-B5AMA) by forming strong hydrogen bond. B5AMA having multiple polar groups into the structure acted as an intrinsic self-healing material and showed excellent antifouling property against protein and bacteria maintaining a good hydration layer. To impart the antibacterial property into the coating AgNps has also been incorporated which showed more that 90% killing efficiency against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria with significant reduction of their adhesion on the surface. Incorporation of self-healing property into the fouling repelling and antibacterial coating can significantly extend the durability of the multifunctional coating making it promising for biomedical applications. Three different surface modification techniques explored in this thesis, not only demonstrates excellent antifouling and antibacterial property but also provides fundamental insights into the facile development of multifunctional coating in various biomedical applications.