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The importance of CAD to electronics technology Computer-aided design (CAD) is one way of coping with the problem of how to design and build very complex systems. This problem is particularly acute in electronics technology. Designs are now (1984) said to be design-limited, rather than technology-limited. It can take months to generate a design for a chip, so that it might be obsolete before it can be manufactured. Manual design of large-scale integration (LSI) chips (circa 10,000 gates) is almost impossible. However, using current technology it is possible to produce chips having 250,000 gates. It is understandable, therefore, that there is great interest in improving existing CAD systems. Designers of CAD systems are concerned with formalizing and automating as much of the design task as possible. Automating design of any kind has long been acknowledged as a project fraught with intractable problems. A human designer has to have an understanding of the nature of the materials used in manufacture, a knowledge of common problems and well-tried solutions, and above all, creativity in producing new designs. Understanding, knowledge and creativity are three properties even the most artificially intelligent of computer programs have been entirely lacking in until very recently. Some people would deny computers these qualities entirely, on philosophical grounds (eg Dreyfus 1979; Searle 1981). There are few theories in cognitive psychology which can help.
This book presents range of topics concerning integrated CAD (including Optimization) for use in Architecture (including Planning), Civil Engineering and Construction (AEC), and thus, helps introduce a full-length treatment of the subject, enabling practitioners to adopt an Integrated Computer-Aided Design Approach in their professional activity. The book gives to readers an understanding of the main elements of CAD, highlighting the importance of integrating these elements and the applicability of Integrated CAD in AEC. Many examples and problems (including Optimization) are included to help professionals and students to develop and apply such tools in solving problems in AEC field. Adopts a problem solving approach in planning, design, and management stressing IT and Computer Application in AEC sector as a whole; Emphasizes resource-efficiency and social equity in problem solution in the AEC sector in general, and in urban development and management in particular; Stresses optimization and an integrated approach covering all components, including costs, affordability and environmental factors, scarcity of resources, and resolution of conflicting interests; Includes an accessible overview and source codes of C++ and Auto Lisp programs needed to carry out design analysis, optimization and drafting-drawing in an integrated manner.
This book contains a selection of revised versions of papers presented at the Third Eurographics Workshop on Intelligent CAD Systems, which was held at Hotel Opduin on the island of Texel in The Netherlands, April 3-7, 1989. The workshop theme was Practical Experience and Evaluation. It included five paper presentation sessions, each followed by a discussion. The workshop closed with a general discussion. The book is therefore divided into five parts: design process, system architecture, languages, geometric reasoning, and user interface. A report on the discussion session, written by the session's moderator, concludes each part. These reports are not intended to be exact records of the discussion, but rather the moderators' summary of their contents. The aim of the workshop was to share the experience the participants gained by developing intelligent CAD (Computer Aided Design) systems, and to evaluate the developed systems to determine which features were still lacking. The workshop was organized as the last one in a series of three workshops under the same title. The first workshop focused on theoretical and methodological aspects, resulting in a sound theoretical basis for intelligent CAD systems. Implementational issues were discussed at the second workshop, paying attention to systems developed with reference to this basis. The experience and evaluation showed a dual outcome. Firstly, it resulted in the development of a new generation of intelligent CAD systems. Secondly, it led us to the development of new theories for intelligent CAD.
CAD (Computer Aided Design) technology is now crucial for every division of modern industry, from a viewpoint of higher productivity and better products. As technologies advance, the amount of information and knowledge that engineers have to deal with is constantly increasing. This results in seeking more advanced computer technology to achieve higher functionalities, flexibility, and efficient performance of the CAD systems. Knowledge engineering, or more broadly artificial intelligence, is considered a primary candidate technology to build a new generation of CAD systems. Since design is a very intellectual human activity, this approach seems to make sense. The ideas of intelligent CAD systems (ICAD) are now increasingly discussed everywhere. We can observe many conferences and workshops reporting a number of research efforts on this particular subject. Researchers are coming from computer science, artificial intelligence, mechanical engineering, electronic engineering, civil engineering, architectural science, control engineering, etc. But, still we cannot see the direction of this concept, or at least, there is no widely accepted concept of ICAD. What can designers expect from these future generation CAD systems? In which direction must developers proceed? The situation is somewhat confusing.
Researchers in the evolving fields of artificial intelligence and information systems are constantly presented with new challenges. Artificial Intelligence and Integrated Intelligent Information Systems: Emerging Technologies and Applications provides both researchers and professionals with the latest knowledge applied to customized logic systems, agent-based approaches to modeling, and human-based models. Artificial Intelligence and Integrated Intelligent Information Systems: Emerging Technologies and Applications presents the recent advances in multi-mobile agent systems, the product development process, fuzzy logic systems, neural networks, and ambient intelligent environments among many other innovations in this exciting field.
The past 50 years have witnessed a revolution in computing and related communications technologies. The contributions of industry and university researchers to this revolution are manifest; less widely recognized is the major role the federal government played in launching the computing revolution and sustaining its momentum. Funding a Revolution examines the history of computing since World War II to elucidate the federal government's role in funding computing research, supporting the education of computer scientists and engineers, and equipping university research labs. It reviews the economic rationale for government support of research, characterizes federal support for computing research, and summarizes key historical advances in which government-sponsored research played an important role. Funding a Revolution contains a series of case studies in relational databases, the Internet, theoretical computer science, artificial intelligence, and virtual reality that demonstrate the complex interactions among government, universities, and industry that have driven the field. It offers a series of lessons that identify factors contributing to the success of the nation's computing enterprise and the government's role within it.
The FGCS project was introduced at a congerence in 1981 and commenced the following year. This volume contains the reports on the final phase of the project, showing how the research goals set were achieved.
Recent advances in VLSI technologies have allowed larger and more complex designs. CAD systems using Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques play the most important role in their short-term realization. This book contains 27 research papers reporting on the various technical fields in VLSI CAD. It is a coordinated collection of papers from researchers in the USA, Europe and Japan. The main topics covered are logic design using AI techniques, and expert systems, every paper offering an effective solution applying AI techniques to difficult problems in the CAD field.
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the IFIP TC 5 International Conference on Digital Product and Process Development Systems, NEW PROLAMAT 2013, held in Dresden, Germany, in October 2013. The conference succeeds the International Conference on Programming Languages for Machine Tools, PROLAMAT 2006, held in Shanghai, China in 2006. In order to demonstrate the new orientation toward IT innovations, the acronym PROLAMAT has been changed into NEW PROLAMAT and is now interpreted as Project Research on Leading-Edge Applications and Methods for Applied Technology. The 42 revised papers were carefully reviewed and selected for inclusion in the volume. They have been organized in the following topical sections: digital product and process development; additive manufacturing; quality management; standardization and knowledge management developments; and simulation of procedures and processes.