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Lucid and perfectly accessible to non-specialists, this extensively illustrated history of Mithras--the great sun god of both the Persian and Roman Empires--is amongst the most comprehensive of such studies available.available.
Preliminary material /Gaston H. Halsberghe -- THE LITERARY TEXTS /Gaston H. Halsberghe -- THE SUN CULT UP TO THE FIRST CENTURY OF THE EMPIRE /Gaston H. Halsberghe -- THE EASTERN RELIGIONS: THEIR DISTRIBUTION AND ADHERENTS /Gaston H. Halsberghe -- SOL INVICTUS ELAGABAL /Gaston H. Halsberghe -- THE CONTINUATION OF THE CULT OF SOL INVICTUS /Gaston H. Halsberghe -- THE REIGN OF AURELIAN /Gaston H. Halsberghe -- CONCLUSION /Gaston H. Halsberghe.
First published in 2001. The Mithras cult first became evident in Rome towards the end of the first century AD. During the next two centuries, it spread to the frontiers of the Western empire. Energetically suppressed by the early Christians, who frequently constructed their churches over the caves in which Mithraic rituals took place, the cult was extinct by the end of the fourth century. Since its publication in Germany, Manfred Clauss's introduction to the Roman Mithras cult has become widely accepted as the most reliable and readable account of this fascinating subject. For the English edition, Clauss has updated the book to reflect recent research and new archaeological discoveries.
A study of the religious system of Mithraism, one of the 'mystery cults' popular in the Roman Empire contemporary with early Christianity. Mithraism is described from the point of view of the initiate engaging with its rich repertoire of symbols and practices.
Preliminary material -- INTRODUCTION -- THE MITHRAIC CAVE -- FOUR TAUROCTONE ASSISTANTS -- THE TORCHBEARERS, CAUTES AND CAUTOPATES -- THE ZODIAC AND MITHRAIC ORIENTATION -- STARS AND PLANETS, WINDS AND SEASONS -- MITHRA EPHIPPOS AND INVICTUS -- MITHRA TAUROCTONOS -- SYMBOLS IN THE FIELD OF THE SOUTHEAST EUROPEAN RELIEFS -- SYMBOLS ON THE LOWER REGISTER OF THE SOUTHEAST EUROPEAN RELIEFS -- SYMBOLS FOUND IN THE TOP REGISTER OF THE RELIEFS OF SOUTHEAST EUROPE -- SYMBOLS OF THE PRINCIPIA MUNDI -- THE ICONOGRAPHY AND IDEOLOGY OF MITHRAIC SALVATION -- GENERAL AND ANALYTICAL INDEX -- TRANSLATIONS AND CITATIONS OF ANCIENT AUTHORS -- PERSONS -- MITHRAIC MONUMENTS -- PLATES I-XLV.
This work presents six case-studies of objects from different periods and regions of antiquity that are labelled by variations of the name Mithra, including the Roman Mithras, Persian Mihr, and Bactrian Miiro. Each chapter places each object in its original context, before questioning its role in religious ritual, tradition, and belief
Although by its title, this book seems to be about a specialized topic, the spread of Mithraic societies and its avatars, in time and geographical expanse, much enhances its relevancy. From Roman legionaries to chivalry orders, from dervish circles to guild organizations, and from Freemasons to French revolutionaries, the hierarchy of Mithraic societies, their initiation rites, and their oaths of secrecy, provided a model for brotherhood organization that was efficient, but also flexible; they could adapt their philosophy to the prevailing politico-religion conditions of the day, because they did not worship any particular god, but could also be comrades in arms with nascent religious movements, such as with Christianity. Mithra was the initial guarantor of their oath, and if need be it could be replaced by Jesus, Allah or any other divinity. Their "religion" was their brotherhood, and as such they usually provided a counter-balance to the power elite, and had the potential to become politically active.
The publication of this Corpus Inscriptionum et Monumentorum Religionis M ithriacae is due mainly to the activities of the Koninklijke Vlaamse Academie van Wetenschappen, Kunsten en Schone Letteren (The Royal Flemish Academy of Arts and Sciences) at Brussels, for this work was begun as an entry in a compe tition organized by their Department of Fine Arts and Literature. It was then awarded a prize by a committee elected by the Academy and consisting of the theologian Prof. J. Coppens, the orientalist Prof. G. Rijckmans and the archaeolo gist, the late Prof. H. van de Weerd. Among the first who should be mentioned with respect and gratitude is my teacher Dr. F.J. de Waele, Professor in Archaeology and Ancient History at the Nijmegen University and member of the Royal Flemish Academy. This remarkable teacher inspired a deep interest in the study of Archaeology and of the Mithras cult, and his help has always been invaluable. I am also greatly indebted to the renowned Belgian scholar Prof. Franz Cumont. He was among the first to recognize the necessity of a revision of his standard work Textes et Monuments relatifs aux Mysteres de Mithra. During the last few years before his de'ath he showed a lively interest in the present study, supplied much material and often gave advice, devoting a great part of his leisure and his love of Classical Culture to this new publication of the Mithraic Monuments.
This title features Greek text and English translation, plus fragments, of New Testament problems and solutions.