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"The purpose of this study is to outline the difficulties that are involved in locating and neutralizing deeply buried facilities, and suggest alternate methods and technologies, other than nuclear weapons or advanced conventional weapons, for holding these targets at risk. This study describes deeply buried facilities and their typical functions, assesses their vulnerability, and presents ideas for neutralizing these facilities with non-conventional means. The broad objective of this study is to ensure that U.S. national and military objectives can be achieved in contingencies that involve deeply buried facilities."--Page iii
The problem in the early twenty-first century is that deeply buried underground facilities are becoming an increasingly important part of the defense establishments in many states. These facilities allow states to conceal the personnel, equipment, and command and control functions that are essential to the successful prosecution of a war. In general, these facilities can protect a state's most critical governmental and military functions and contribute to victory during war, or at least make it more difficult for the adversary to destroy critical military capabilities. There are numerous historical examples in which states have used underground facilities in warfare, including the use of underground manufacturing facilities by the Germans in World War II to conceal and protect valuable industry from destruction. During the Vietnam War, North Vietnam developed an extensive system of underground tunnel for concealing transportation routes, storage facilities, and temporary troop containment areas Since the beginning of the Cold War, the United States and Soviet Union located their intercontinental ballistic missiles and associated command and control centers in underground sites in order to increase their survivability against nuclear attack. The continuing evolution of underground facilities has provided increasing levels of concealment and protection for a state's critical military components. 1.
Finding deeply buried facilities stands out as one of the toughest technical challenges in the Air Force's efforts to find, fix, target, track, engage and assess targets of interest anywhere on earth. Nations have located potential high-value, high-interest targets such as weapons of mass destruction (WMD), WMD manufacturing plants and storage areas, missile garrisons, fuel storage areas and command and control nodes underground. This paper will focus on the development and application of gravity field sensors for deeply buried target detection. It will begin with an explanation of what deeply buried facilities are and how their construction and use has evolved over the years. Next, the discussion will look at the weapons available today to counter deeply buried facilities and the intelligence information needed to make these weapons effective. The information needed to properly target these weapons will directly influence the capability of the sensors needed to detect and characterize deeply buried facilities. The focus of the paper will then shift to intelligence sources, starting with the intelligence capabilities available today and the ability of a potential enemy to counter those intelligence assets, then shift to exploring intelligence sources not in use today and their potential application in the hunt for deeply buried facilities. Finally, this paper will investigate gravity measurement technology to address the problem of deeply buried facility detection and characterization. The examination will include the history of gravity measurement technology, current uses for geology and earth science, ongoing laboratory developments and the applicability of this technology to the search of deeply buried targets. The discussion will conclude with desired system capabilities and potential system concepts.
Underground facilities are used extensively by many nations to conceal and protect strategic military functions and weapons' stockpiles. Because of their depth and hardened status, however, many of these strategic hard and deeply buried targets could only be put at risk by conventional or nuclear earth penetrating weapons (EPW). Recently, an engineering feasibility study, the robust nuclear earth penetrator program, was started by DOE and DOD to determine if a more effective EPW could be designed using major components of existing nuclear weapons. This activity has created some controversy about, among other things, the level of collateral damage that would ensue if such a weapon were used. To help clarify this issue, the Congress, in P.L. 107-314, directed the Secretary of Defense to request from the NRC a study of the anticipated health and environmental effects of nuclear earth-penetrators and other weapons and the effect of both conventional and nuclear weapons against the storage of biological and chemical weapons. This report provides the results of those analyses. Based on detailed numerical calculations, the report presents a series of findings comparing the effectiveness and expected collateral damage of nuclear EPW and surface nuclear weapons under a variety of conditions.
"Underground and hardened facilities are used widely across the globe to protect strategically important assets of nations, to include those related to weapons of mass destruction. Over the last decade, they have presented challenges to the US military for holding such targets of adversaries at risk. Many studies have been accomplished to assess gaps in our military capabilities related to targeting these facilities. Limitations of kinetic weapons to effectively attack these targets highlighted the need to accomplish full-dimensional targeting of underground and hardened facilities in order to defeat them and render them ineffective. The benefits they provide to adversaries in concealment and protection, as well US and partner military limitations to targeting and defeating them, have served to accelerate construction of underground facilities and proliferation of associated technologies among these adversaries."--Abstract.
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