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Cytology refers to a branch of pathology, the medical specialty that deals with making diagnoses of diseases and conditions through the examination of tissue samples from the body. Cytology, more commonly known as cell biology, studies cell structure, cell composition, and the interaction of cells with other cells and the larger environment in which they exist. The term "e;cytology"e; can also refer to Cytopathology, which analyzes cell structure to diagnose disease. Genetic testing is a type of medical test that identifies changes in chromosomes, genes, or proteins. The results of a genetic test can confirm or rule out a suspected genetic condition or help determine a person's chance of developing or passing on a genetic disorder. More than 1,000 genetic tests are currently in use, and more are being developed. Molecular Cytogenetics encompasses all aspects of chromosome biology and the application of molecular cytogenetic techniques in all areas of biomedicine, including structural and functional organization of the chromosome and nucleus, genome variation, expression and evolution, chromosome abnormalities and genomic variations in medical genetics and tumor genetics. Molecular Biology has been written with the view of presenting a coherent, enlightening work on the topic by means of which experts may approach the subject with an expert reader may approach the subject with an eager constitution. Molecular biology deals with one of the most rapidly progressing areas of biology, it remains critical for students not only to have the most current information available, but also to understand the experimental nature of contemporary research in cell and molecular biology. It is our earnest hope that this book will be of great value to all the students
Genetics is the study of how genes bring about characteristics, or traits, in living things and how those characteristics are inherited. Genes are portions of DNA molecules that determine characteristics of living things. Through the processes of meiosis and reproduction, genes are transmitted from one generation to the next. The physio-chemical basis of biological systems and the control of their development and interactions are being unraveled in spectacular advances in molecular biology. During the past few decades both basic and applied aspects of biotechnology have developed rapidly. Genetic engineering provides great promise for the improvement of crop plants. The successful application of biotechnological tools will require reliable, high levels of transgene expression and their stability over generations. DNA molecules form from chains of building blocks called nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of a sugar molecule called deoxyribose that bonds to a phosphate molecule and to a nitrogen-containing compound, known as a base. DNA uses four bases in its structure: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T). The order of the bases in a DNA molecule-the genetic code-determines the amino acid sequence of a protein. This book is useful to researchers, molecular biologists, biotechnologists, plant breeders and teachers engaged in advanced genetics and molecular biology.
This book explains the essential principles, processes and methodology of cell biology, biochemistry and molecular biology. It reflects upon the significant advances in cell biology such as motor proteins, intracellular traffic and targeting of proteins, signalling pathways, receptors, apoptosis, aging and cancer. It also discusses certain current topics such as history of life (origin of life), archaebacteria, split genes, exon shuffling, gene silencing, RNA interference, miRNA, siRNA and recombinant DNA technology, etc.
Molecular Cytology, Volume 2: Cell Interactions deals with the morphology and biochemistry of the cell, with emphasis on the more dynamic aspects of cytology. It looks at gene transfer in somatic cells, nucleocytoplasmic interactions in oocytes and eggs, and cell differentiation, transformation, malignancy, aging, and death. Organized into four chapters, this volume begins with a discussion of nucleocytoplasmic interactions in somatic cells and unicellular organisms. The next chapter examines the experimental interventions at early stages in the egg cytoplasm with reference to Xenopus oocytes, as well as oogenesis, the structure and composition of the cytoplasm and the nucleus, fertilization of sea urchin eggs, and the nuclear determinants of early embryogenic development. Additionally, a chapter explains the mechanisms underlying cell senescence, arrest of cell growth, and cell death; the mechanisms of cell differentiation as the normal outcome of embryonic development; the morphological and biochemical changes that occur in cells when they become senescent; and the metastasis of cancer cells. The book concludes with a chapter that presents a few general ideas about biochemical cytology. This book is a valuable reference for cell biologists, biochemists, cytologists, advanced students, research workers, and laypersons interested in learning the fundamentals of descriptive cytology, biochemistry, embryology, genetics, and molecular biology.