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Introductory Chapter: The Contribution of Cohort Studies to Health Sciences.
Since the identification of the first cases of the coronavirus in December 2019, there has been a significant amount of confusion regarding the origin and spread of the so-called 'coronavirus', SARS-CoV-2, and the cause of the disease COVID-19. Conflicting messages from the media and officials across different countries and organizations, the abundance of disparate sources of information, unfounded conspiracy theories on the origins of the virus, unproven therapies, and inconsistent public health measures, have all served to increase anxiety in the population. Where did the virus come from? How is it transmitted? How does it cause disease? Is it like flu? What is a pandemic? In this concise and accessible introduction, a leading expert provides answers to these commonly asked questions. This revised and updated edition now also covers how the virus mutates, how important these mutations are, how vaccines work, and what we can expect in the near and long-term future.
Coronaviruses were recognized as a group of enveloped, RNA viruses in 1968 and accepted by the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses as a separate family, the Coronaviridae, in 1975. By 1978, it had become evident that the coronavirus genomic RNA was infectious (i. e. , positive strand), and by 1983, at least the framework of the coronavirus replication strategy had been per ceived. Subsequently, with the application of recombinant DNA techniques, there have been remarkable advances in our understanding of the molecular biology of coronaviruses, and a mass of structural data concerning coronavirus genomes, mRNAs, and pro teins now exists. More recently, attention has been focused on the role of essential and accessory gene products in the coronavirus replication cyde and a molecular analysis of the structure-function relation ships of coronavirus proteins. Nevertheless, there are still large gaps in our knowledge, for instance, in areas such as the genesis of coronavirus subgenomic mRNAs or the function of the coronavirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. The diseases caused by coronaviruses have been known for much longer than the agents themselves. Possibly the first coronavirus-related disease to be recorded was feline infectious peritonitis, as early as 1912. The diseases associ ated with infectious bronchitis virus, transmissible gastroenteritis virus, and murine hepatitis virus were all well known before 1950.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus (SARS-Cov2), which may cause mild to moderate respiratory complications in most infected people. Older people and those with chronic and/or acute illnesses may present serious complications. Underlying mechanisms of the cellular responses to the virus are not fully revealed; therefore, understanding the pathophysiology of COVID-19 is crucial to provide efficient data to define the appropriate and effective therapeutic strategies to cure and prevent COVID-19-associated complications. The Handbook of Research on Pathophysiology and Strategies for the Management of COVID-19 summarizes and assembles the published data on COVID-19 and provides an answer to the reader for the mystery of SARS-Cov2’s impact on human health through a deep analysis of the current data available in the literature. This book addresses the epidemiology and infectious patterns of the disease and the recent pathophysiological mechanisms of the disease and relationships to the medical history of the patient. Covering topics from the tie between COVID-19 and respiratory disease to vaccination information, this comprehensive reference source is ideal for clinicians, health professionals, pathologists, virologists, researchers, academicians, and medical and PhD students.
The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has probably been the most important disease to emerge in the 21st century. This viral zoonotic disease has been a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, but with a higher impact in low- and middle-income countries of Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Up to December 4, 2022, more than 645,195,564 cases had been reported globally, with 6,640,845 deaths, and more than 13,054,668,703 doses of a vaccine had been given. Research has been of the utmost importance in the COVID-19 crisis: a great deal of knowledge was gathered between December 2019 and December 2022. Appropriate evidence-based management and the development of safe and effective vaccines have been key to controlling the virus. This book presents a selection of the last two years’ learning from research and clinical practice concerning SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19.
Offering a comprehensive review of the neuropathology of SARS-CoV-2, Neurological Care and the COVID-19 Pandemic provides up-to-date coverage of the wide array of the pathogen's neurological symptoms and complications. Drs. Ahmad Riad Ramadan and Gamaledin Osman discuss the neuropathology of SARS-CoV-2, its neurological manifestations, and the impact the pandemic has had on the care of patients with pre-existing neurological conditions. The authors also offer an overview of emerging treatments and vaccines, as well as ways healthcare systems have reorganized in order to respond to the pandemic. - Offers a thorough discussion of the impact the virus has had on the care of patients with neurological ailments, accompanied by recommendations on how to care for these patients. - Covers the impact of COVID-19 on patients with cerebrovascular diseases, seizures, demyelinating diseases, neuromuscular disorders, movement disorders, headache disorders, cognitive disorders, and neuro-oncological disorders. - Includes a detailed case study of how one healthcare system hit hard by COVID-19 successfully transformed itself to respond to the challenges imposed by the pandemic. - Consolidates today's available information on this timely topic into a single, convenient resource.
Zoonoses, diseases transmitted from animals to humans, hold immense global significance, impacting public health, economies, and ecosystems. Adopting the One Health approach, which recognizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health, is crucial in tackling these challenges. Zoonotic diseases pose significant public health threats. Diseases like rabies, Ebola, and influenza have claimed countless lives worldwide. Without proper management, these diseases can rapidly escalate into pandemics, as seen with the COVID-19 pandemic, originating from a zoonotic transmission. The health of humans and animals are intricately linked, making collaborative efforts essential for disease prevention and control. Zoonoses have profound economic implications. Outbreaks can devastate agricultural sectors, leading to loss of livestock, reduced productivity, and trade restrictions. For instance, the 2001 foot-and-mouth disease outbreak in the United Kingdom resulted in billions of dollars in economic losses. Addressing zoonoses through a One Health approach can safeguard livelihoods and ensure food security. Furthermore, zoonotic diseases impact biodiversity and ecosystems. Diseases like West Nile virus and Lyme disease can affect wildlife populations, disrupting ecosystems and biodiversity. Additionally, habitat destruction and wildlife trafficking increase the likelihood of zoonotic spillover events. We can mitigate these risks and preserve ecosystem integrity through conservation efforts and sustainable land-use practices. The global importance of zoonoses cannot be overstated. By embracing the One Health approach, we can address these complex challenges comprehensively. Collaboration between human and veterinary medicine, environmental science, and other disciplines is essential for effective disease surveillance, prevention, and control. By prioritizing the health of people, animals, and the environment, we can build a safer, healthier future for all.
Since the end of December 2019, the world has been battling with a global health emergency called COVID-19. This ongoing pandemic has claimed millions of lives worldwide and made a serious impact on global healthcare. The information and facts about the virus and the pandemic are constantly evolving, expanding and are present in a scattered manner. Above all, various rumors and false information are also spreading through word of mouth or social media in relation to the pandemic. In situations like this, it becomes hard for a common person as well as professionals to keep track of the fundamental concepts, ongoing scientific advancements and differentiate between the facts and myths. COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2: The Science and Clinical Application of Conventional and Complementary Treatments covers the fundamental concepts regarding SARS-CoV-2 and COVID–19 as well as common concerns and issues ensuring optimal understanding of the latest basic science and clinical content. The comparative coverage of Conventional Medical Science with Complementary and Alternative Systems of Medicine in relation to the ongoing pandemic makes this book unique compared to other books available on COVID-19. Written in textbook format and in semi-technical style, it provides basic to advanced concepts and multidimensional clinical perspectives keeping in mind the diverse needs of academicians, researchers, students and common people. Key Features: Contains simple, lucid and concise presentation of contents Emphasizes core knowledge and concepts Presents evidence based and up to date information from a multidisciplinary perspective Includes illustrations with good quality diagrams and colored photographs for ease of understanding. COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 covers concepts and protocols from holistic perspective relating to core Molecular Biology of SARS-CoV-2, Clinical and Therapeutic Aspects, Multidisciplinary Treatment and Management Strategies like Conventional Pharmacological Treatments, Vaccines, Ayurveda, Homoeopathy, Holistic Nutrition Therapy, Nutraceutical Therapy, Biochemic Medicine, and Issues and Concerns relating to Public Health and Ongoing Advances in Research in relation to COVID-19. Written in semi-technical language easily understandable by readers from all domains, this book provides multidisciplinary perspective, knowledge and understanding regarding COVID-19 in one place, thus bridging the knowledge gap that exists between Conventional Sciences and Complementary and Alternative Medicine Systems.