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It also outlines a new kind of Third World warfare - neither classic guerrilla warfare nor straightforward external aggression; instead, one comprising elements of civil war, but dominated by the initiatives of external powers.
This paper is based, in part, on a five-week USCR fact-finding trip to Mozambique, Angola, Malawi, Zimbabwe and Zambia in August and September 1989. The people of Mozambique and Angola continue to suffer intolerably. Many are dying needlessly. Some are starving, others are being purposely killed. Every month, another 13,000 Mozambicans flee to Malawi. There are now more than 750,000 refugees in that country alone. Throughout southern Africa, more than 4.5 million people have been uprooted by conflicts that continue to ravage the area. This paper briefly describes the events that led to today's conflicts in Mozambique and Angola. It discusses current developments in each of these countries, focusing on the situation of internally displaced people. It assesses conditions in asylum countries, discusses the repatriation of Namibians and examines what the success or failure of Mozambican and Angolan peace talks could mean for the region and its people. Finally, the paper makes recommendations for action to help end the conflict in Mozambique and Angola and steps needed to improve the current situation of refugees, displaced persons and returnees in southern Africa. It also recommends action by the United States and the rest of the international community to ensure that, whatever the peace initiatives achieve, the rights of uprooted Southern Africans will be safeguarded. (Based on author's summary).
Helen Kitchen has drawn on the expertise of a trio of respected U.S., British, and West German analysts to assist in what she does best--explaining the diversity and complexity of African political dynamics. As this book ably demonstrates, U.S. policy choices will go awry if they are made on the assumption that Africa is a collection of immutably labeled ideological boxes. David D. Newsom, Director of the Institute for the Study of Diplomacy, Georgetown University In this latest of her contributions to the unsimplification of African politics and the U.S. policymaking process, Helen Kitchen brings together in this volume the observations of three of the West's most perceptive analysts of post-colonial Angola and Mozambique. Contributor John Marcum's discussion on Angola appraises the effects of A Quarter Century of War, the saga of Jonas Savimbi's UNITA, and U.S. policy options in the late 1980s. Gillian Gunn, with extensive recent field experience in both countries, assesses The Angola Economy, Cuba and Angola, Post-Nkomati Mozambique, and Mozambique After Machel. Finally Winrich Kuhne, a distinguished West German scholar of Africa and the Soviet policy process, considers What the Case of Mozambique Tells Us About Soviet Ambivalence in Africa.
Of the many bloody chapters in Southern Africa's Thirty Years War since the 1961 uprising against the Portuguese, none have been more protracted, more complex or more deadly for civilians than the conflicts in Angola and Mozambique since their independence in 1975. This new study explores the difficult questions of the original causes of these wars and the reasons for their prolongation. Born of the author's intimate knowledge of the region, his understanding of the relevant literature on ethnicity, revolution and guerrilla warfare, and his entirely new evidence, Minter's study is an original and significant exploration of the roots of war in Southern Africa. He provides a nuanced analysis of the interconnected roles of: social structure; external interventions; the particular patterns of military recruitment, conditioning, logistics and strategy that characterize Unita and Renamo; and the vulnerability and mistakes of the new Angolan and Mozambican states. The analysis serves to apportion responsibility for the enormous suffering of these years. It also outlines a new kind of Third World warfare - neither classic guerrilla warfare nor straightforward external aggression; instead, one comprising elements of civil war, but dominated by the initiatives of external powers. Minter's courageous and subtle reassessment of the modern military-political history of Southern Africa sets new standards for historians and political scientists in avoiding over-simplification and easy generalization; it provides a framework for taking full account of the panorama of factors to be considered in understanding these new forms of violent political struggle.
Being a first of its kind, this volume comprises a multi-disciplinary exploration of Mozambique’s contemporary and historical dynamics, bringing together scholars from across the globe. Focusing on the country’s vibrant cultural, political, economic and social world – including the transition from the colonial to the postcolonial era – the book argues that Mozambique is a country still emergent, still unfolding, still on the move. Drawing on the disciplines of history, literature studies, anthropology, political science, economy and art history, the book serves not only as a generous introduction to Mozambique but also as a case study of a southern African country. Contributors are: Signe Arnfred, Bjørn Enge Bertelsen, José Luís Cabaço, Ana Bénard da Costa, Anna Maria Gentili, Ana Margarida Fonseca, Randi Kaarhus, Sheila Pereira Khan, Maria Paula Meneses, Lia Quartapelle, Amy Schwartzott, Leonor Simas-Almeida, Anne Sletsjøe, Sandra Sousa, Linda van de Kamp.
Africa’s Development Dynamics uses lessons learned in the continent’s five regions – Central, East, North, Southern and West Africa – to develop policy recommendations and share good practices. Drawing on the most recent statistics, this analysis of development dynamics attempts to help African leaders reach the targets of the African Union’s Agenda 2063 at all levels: continental, regional, national and local.
Addressing two sets of concerns, this report covers both the abuses relating to the seventeen years of war between the Mozambique Armed Forces and the rebel Mozambique National Resistance, as well as the reforms instigated by the ruling Mozambique Liberation Front under President Joachim Chissano. Africa Watch evaluates the progress made by the Liberation Front government toward a democratic system of government that respects civil and political rights. The 1990 Constitution and related legislation are the centerpiece of this transition, and represent the most wholehearted attempt to build an institutional and legal framework to guarantee respect for human rights so far attempted in the history of Mozambique. Major concerns remain, however, relating to the ability of the government to implement the promised changes.