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Trois dimensions de l'hypothèse du progrès technique sont explorées. Premièrement on explique pourquoi, aux Etats-Unis notamment, les périodes de forte croissance de la prime de qualification ont coïncidé avec des périodes où l'offre de travail qualifié était la plus faible (1971-1979). Dans un modèle de croissance endogène avec innovation, le biais en faveur des capacités individuelles accroît les inégalités intra groupes et réduit l'incitation à s'éduquer des individus à capacités ordinaires. Une croissance fondée sur un progrès technique biaisé en faveur des capacités individuelles amplifie ainsi les effets du biais technologique sur les salaires par une insuffisante réponse de l'offre de main d'oeuvre qualifiée. Deuxièmement, l'analyse porte sur le caractère cyclique de l'innovation et des inégalités à long terme. Dans un modèle où le choix du secteur dans lequel les chercheurs développent des projets est endogène, on montre que les innovateurs sont incités à adopter des technologies complémentaires au travail qualifié ou non qualifié alternativement. Cette alternance exerce une pression non monotone sur les inégalités, un biais permanent n'est donc pas robuste dans ce cadre. Troisièmement, la dimension organisationnelle du progrès technique est étudiée. L'analyse développée s'intéresse d'une part aux déterminants des choix organisationnels et aux relations entre innovation, organisation et structure de marché dans un modèle de croissance. On explore d'autre part les fondements plus micro-économiques des pratiques organisationnelles innovantes, c'est-à-dire l'allocation des tâches productives multiples dans une relation d'agence, pour mettre en évidence l'interaction entre polyvalence et rémunérations incitatives. Les principales prédictions de ces deux modèles sont enfin testées économétriquement sur des données françaises issues de l'enquête "Changement organisationnel et informatisation" de 1997.
EN 20 ANS LES INEGALITES D'EMPLOIS ET DE SALAIRES ONT FORTEMENT AUGMENTE DANS LA PLUPART DES PAYS INDUSTRIALISES ET TOUT PARTICULIEREMENT AUX ETATS-UNIS. L'ADOPTION DE LA PRODUCTION "AU PLUS JUSTE" AUX ETATS-UNIS DEPUIS 1980 OUVRE UNE VOIE NOUVELLE D'INTERPRETATION DE CE PHENOMENE. LA NOUVELLE ORGANISATION DU TRAVAIL CONCERNE LES DEUX TIERS DE L'INDUSTRIE MANUFACTURIERE. ELLE S'APPUIE SUR UNE FORTE INTENSIFICATION DU TRAVAIL ET S'ACCOMPAGNE D'UNE DETERIORATION DE LA SANTE AU TRAVAIL. LES DONNEES DETAILLEES SUR LES ACCIDENTS DU TRAVAIL PAR INDUSTRIES AMERICAINES PERMETTENT DE CONSTRUIRE UN INDICATEUR : LA "REORGANISATION A CHOC D'ACCIDENT" QUI APPROCHE LA REORGANISATION REELLE. LA REORGANISATION A CHOC SEMBLE INDEPENDANTE DE L'INFORMATISATION ; ELLE SE DEVELOPPE DANS LES SECTEURS A SALAIRES ELEVES ET POURRAIT ETRE LA CONSEQUENCE DE LA DESYNDICALISATION OU DE LA GENERALISATION DU SYSTEME FORDISTE. LA REORGANISATION A CHOC D'ACCIDENTS PERMET DE CONSIDERABLES GAINS DE PRODUCTIVITE. L'EMPLOI DES CADRES ET DES COLS BLEUS DIMINUE AINSI DANS LES SECTEURS A CHOC D'ACCIDENTS. L'INFORMATISATION N'EST EFFICACE QUE DANS CES SECTEURS. LE DESEQUILIBRE DU PARTAGE DES GAINS ENTRE LES PROFITS, LES NON QUALIFIES, LES QUALIFIES ET LES CONSOMMATEURS ENTRAINE UNE HAUSSE DES INEGALITES. LE TERTIAIRE CONNAIT UNE EVOLUTION COMPARABLE. PAR AILLEURS, L'IMPACT DE L'INTERNATIONALISATION NE SE LIMITE PAS AU MECANISME DE CONVERGENCE DES SALAIRES A TRAVERS L'EGALISATION DES PRIX DES PRODUITS. L'OUVERTURE CREE DE NOUVEAUX MARCHES AU SECTEUR D'INNOVATION EXPORTATEUR. AINSI, ELLE STIMULE LA CROISSANCE ET AVANTAGE LES PLUS QUALIFIES TRES PRESENTS DANS LA RECHERCHE ET DEVELOPPEMENT, ACCENTUANT LES INEGALITES. UN SALAIRE MINIMUM PERMET D'EVITER LA HAUSSE DES INEGALITES ET AMELIORE LA CROISSANCE EN ECONOMIE OUVERTE MAIS REDUIT L'EMPLOI MANUFACTURIER ; NEANMOINS, SI LES GAINS DU SECTEUR INNOVATEUR SONT SUFFISANTS, LA HAUSSE DE LA DEMANDE DE SERVICES PERSONNELS PEUT COMPENSER LES PERTES PRECEDENTES.
The work is thought provoking in its analytical part and is also stimulating in its normative-political end, which advocates an institutional architecture wherein growth in a knowledge-based economy could be driven by collective services such as health and education. . . a challenging interpretation of the contemporary political economy. Giovanni Dosi, Journal of Economic Literature How significant was the internet boom and bust? Robert Boyer brings significant and fresh insight to efforts to situate the meaning of the digital transformation through which we are living. With analytic discipline and historical perspective, Boyer provides an important interpretation that will be valuable to scholar and teacher, those just curious about the internet development and those who lived through it. John Zysman, University of California, Berkeley, US In this book, Robert Boyer follows the origins, course and collapse of the new economy and proposes a new interpretation of US dynamism during the 1990s. He argues that the diffusion of information and communication technologies is only part of a story that also requires understanding of the transformation of the financial system, the reorganization of the management of firms and the emergence of a new policy mix. The book includes a long-term retrospective analysis of technological innovation, and an international comparison of OECD countries delivers an unconventional and critical assessment of the hope and the hype of the new economy . The book proposes that the US way is not necessarily the only efficient one, as demonstrated by the experience of the Nordic countries, which manage to combine economic efficiency with social justice. The author argues that European economies would do well to take note and to explore a promising growth regime for the twenty-first century, one built upon health, education, training and leisure, this comprising the anthropogenetic model . The Future of Economic Growth is a challenging and thought-provoking book, and as such will be of interest to many academics, researchers and students within the field of economics. It will be particularly relevant to those with an interest in macroeconomics, industrial organisation and the theory of the firm, and growth theory.
In order to survive in their market and differentiate themselves from the competition, small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which represent more than 90% of companies worldwide, need to be creative and innovative. This book presents a conceptual framework for thinking about innovation and creativity in SMEs. It takes into account their strategic relation to their environment and the economic, technological and social changes that they face. Their ability to enhance their creativity with new ideas and to legitimize them during their implementation is also taken into account
With searing wit and incisive commentary, John Kenneth Galbraith redefined America's perception of itself in The New Industrial State, one of his landmark works. The United States is no longer a free-enterprise society, Galbraith argues, but a structured state controlled by the largest companies. Advertising is the means by which these companies manage demand and create consumer "need" where none previously existed. Multinational corporations are the continuation of this power system on an international level. The goal of these companies is not the betterment of society, but immortality through an uninterrupted stream of earnings. First published in 1967, The New Industrial State continues to resonate today.
Includes statistics.
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Investment in secondary schooling in Sub-Saharan Africa has been neglected since the World Conference on Education for All at Jomtien. The World Education Forum at Dakar began to recognize the growing importance of post-primary schooling for development. Only 25 percent of school-age children attend secondary school in the region--and fewer complete successfully, having consequences for gender equity, poverty reduction, and economic growth. As universal primary schooling becomes a reality, demand for secondary schools is increasing rapidly. Gaps between the educational levels of the labor force in Sub-Saharan Africa and other regions remain large. Girls are more often excluded from secondary schools than boys. Secondary schooling costs are high to both governments and households. This study explores how access to secondary education can be increased. Radical reforms are needed in low-enrollment countries to make secondary schooling more affordable and to provide more access to the majority currently excluded. The report identifies the rationale for increasing access, reviews the status of secondary education in Sub-Saharan Africa, charts the growth needed in different countries to reach different levels of participation, identifies the financial constraints on growth, and discusses the reforms needed to make access affordable. It concludes with a road map of ways to increase the probability that more of Africa's children will experience secondary schooling.