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This graduate-level introduction to ordinary differential equations combines both qualitative and numerical analysis of solutions, in line with Poincaré's vision for the field over a century ago. Taking into account the remarkable development of dynamical systems since then, the authors present the core topics that every young mathematician of our time—pure and applied alike—ought to learn. The book features a dynamical perspective that drives the motivating questions, the style of exposition, and the arguments and proof techniques. The text is organized in six cycles. The first cycle deals with the foundational questions of existence and uniqueness of solutions. The second introduces the basic tools, both theoretical and practical, for treating concrete problems. The third cycle presents autonomous and non-autonomous linear theory. Lyapunov stability theory forms the fourth cycle. The fifth one deals with the local theory, including the Grobman–Hartman theorem and the stable manifold theorem. The last cycle discusses global issues in the broader setting of differential equations on manifolds, culminating in the Poincaré–Hopf index theorem. The book is appropriate for use in a course or for self-study. The reader is assumed to have a basic knowledge of general topology, linear algebra, and analysis at the undergraduate level. Each chapter ends with a computational experiment, a diverse list of exercises, and detailed historical, biographical, and bibliographic notes seeking to help the reader form a clearer view of how the ideas in this field unfolded over time.
The editors of the present series had originally intended to publish an integrated work on the history of mathematics in the nineteenth century, passing systemati cally from one discipline to another in some natural order. Circumstances beyond their control, mainly difficulties in choosing authors, led to the abandonment of this plan by the time the second volume appeared. Instead of a unified mono graph we now present to the reader a series of books intended to encompass all the mathematics of the nineteenth century, but not in the order of the accepted classification of the component disciplines. In contrast to the first two books of The Mathematics of the Nineteenth Century, which were divided into chapters, this third volume consists of four parts, more in keeping with the nature of the publication. 1 We recall that the first book contained essays on the history of mathemati 2 cal logic, algebra, number theory, and probability, while the second covered the history of geometry and analytic function theory. In the present third volume the reader will find: 1. An essay on the development of Chebyshev's theory of approximation of functions, later called "constructive function theory" by S. N. Bernshtein. This highly original essay is due to the late N. I. Akhiezer (1901-1980), the author of fundamental discoveries in this area. Akhiezer's text will no doubt attract attention not only from historians of mathematics, but also from many specialists in constructive function theory.
Presenting basic results of topology, calculus of several variables, and approximation theory which are rarely treated in a single volume, this textbook includes several beautiful, but almost forgotten, classical theorems of Descartes, Erdős, Fejér, Stieltjes, and Turán. The exposition style of Topology, Calculus and Approximation follows the Hungarian mathematical tradition of Paul Erdős and others. In the first part, the classical results of Alexandroff, Cantor, Hausdorff, Helly, Peano, Radon, Tietze and Urysohn illustrate the theories of metric, topological and normed spaces. Following this, the general framework of normed spaces and Carathéodory's definition of the derivative are shown to simplify the statement and proof of various theorems in calculus and ordinary differential equations. The third and final part is devoted to interpolation, orthogonal polynomials, numerical integration, asymptotic expansions and the numerical solution of algebraic and differential equations. Students of both pure and applied mathematics, as well as physics and engineering should find this textbook useful. Only basic results of one-variable calculus and linear algebra are used, and simple yet pertinent examples and exercises illustrate the usefulness of most theorems. Many of these examples are new or difficult to locate in the literature, and so the original sources of most notions and results are given to help readers understand the development of the field.
The object of these 2 volumes of collected papers is to provide insight and perspective on various research problems and theories in modern topics of Calculus of Variations, Complex Analysis, Real Analysis, Differential Equations, Geometry and their Applications, related to the work of Constantin Carathéodory. This work will be of interest both to researchers following the development of new results, and to people seeking an introduction in these fields.
A great difficulty facing a biographer of Cauchy is that of delineating the curious interplay between the man, his times, and his scientific endeavors. Professor Belhoste has succeeded admirably in meeting this challenge and has thus written a vivid biography that is both readable and informative. His subject stands out as one of the most brilliant, versatile, and prolific fig ures in the annals of science. Nearly two hundred years have now passed since the young Cauchy set about his task of clarifying mathematics, extending it, applying it wherever possible, and placing it on a firm theoretical footing. Through Belhoste's work we are afforded a detailed, rather personalized picture of how a first rate mathematician worked at his discipline - his strivings, his inspirations, his triumphs, his failures, and above all, his conflicts and his errors.