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Trafficking in persons (TIP) is a global crime that involves the “recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons” through the use of force, fraud, or coercion for the purposes of exploitation. A modern form of slavery, human trafficking constitutes a violation of human rights in which victims are deprived of their humanity and basic freedom. TIP can involve either sex or labor exploitation, or both.Human traffickers earn an estimated $32 billion annually in profits, just under the amount earned through arms and narcotics trafficking. People are enslaved in circumstances of sex and/or labor exploitation all around the world, including in the United States. Quantifying the scale of human trafficking is challenging, in part due to the difficulty of collecting accurate data on this clandestine trade. As of June 2012, the International Labour Organization estimated that 20.9 million people are enslaved in sex or labor exploitation.3TIP is linked to numerous development and security issues, including the prominence of transnational organized crime, ineffective legal protections, health threats, insufficient labor standards and enforcement, lackluster economic development, gender and ethnic discrimination, and poor migration policies and practices. Since 2002, there has been a proliferation of national, regional, and international regulatory frameworks to combat TIP. However, enforcement of these agreements and obligations has been uneven.4 Multiple actors—international governmental and non-governmental organizations, domestic governments, civil society, media, the private sector, and perhaps most important, consumers around the world—need to commit to countering TIP in order for the legal and regulatory frameworks to have full impact.To be a catalytic partner in growing this movement, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) issued its Counter-Trafficking in Persons (C–TIP) Policy in February 2012.5 Additionally, it has programmed approximately $179.9 million in C–TIP activities in 68 countries and Regional Missions worldwide between FY 2001-FY 2011. USAID has worked on average in 20-25 countries per year on programs to combat trafficking.6 In 2011, USAID provided $16.6 million to combat human trafficking in 25 countries. The majority of that funding went to Tier Two and Tier Two Watch List countries.
Trafficking in persons (TIP) is a global crime that involves the “recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons” through the use of force, fraud, or coercion for the purposes of exploitation. A modern form of slavery, human trafficking constitutes a violation of human rights in which victims are deprived of their humanity and basic freedom. TIP can involve either sex or labor exploitation, or both. Human traffickers earn an estimated $32 billion annually in profits, just under the amount earned through arms and narcotics trafficking. People are enslaved in circumstances of sex and/or labor exploitation all around the world, including in the United States. Quantifying the scale of human trafficking is challenging, in part due to the difficulty of collecting accurate data on this clandestine trade. As of June 2012, the International Labour Organization estimated that 20.9 million people are enslaved in sex or labor exploitation. TIP is linked to numerous development and security issues, including the prominence of transnational organized crime, ineffective legal protections, health threats, insufficient labor standards and enforcement, lackluster economic development, gender and ethnic discrimination, and poor migration policies and practices. Since 2002, there has been a proliferation of national, regional, and international regulatory frameworks to combat TIP. However, enforcement of these agreements and obligations has been uneven. Multiple actors—international governmental and non-governmental organizations, domestic governments, civil society, media, the private sector, and perhaps most important, consumers around the world—need to commit to countering TIP in order for the legal and regulatory frameworks to have full impact. This new Counter-Trafficking in Persons Field Guide is designed as a practical resource for USAID officers to help implement the C–TIP Policy.
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Offering an up-to-date and comprehensive resource for students and general readers investigating human trafficking, this book examines the phenomenon in its many forms, the factors contributing to its existence, the victims it affects, and those who perpetrate this horrific crime. The horrific reality is that millions of human beings are bought and sold every year worldwide. Human trafficking is not an obsolete practice, and these crimes are not rare in occurrence. Recent examples of human trafficking such as the abduction of hundreds of Nigerian schoolgirls by the terrorist organization Boko Haram and depictions of trafficking in films such as Taken have brought human trafficking squarely into the public eye. This book offers a comprehensive understanding of human trafficking in its many forms. It examines the traffickers who range from single operators to large, transnational organizations and investigates how they coerce, deceive, and exploit their victims in the domestic service, farming, construction, and sex industries as well as in the harvesting of organs. The coverage includes common practices of human trafficking like sexual exploitation of women in Western and Central Europe, labor exploitation in the Middle East, and the exploitation of children in Western and Central Africa. Readers are introduced to various experts who have rescued and worked with victims, prosecuted cases, and conducted research to gain more insight into this crime and serious abuse of human rights, and they will gain insight into how a number of people and organizations are working to combat human trafficking and protect victims. Primary source documents that include reports by government, international organizations, and NGOs serve to aid readers in acquiring more knowledge on the topic.
In the light of the urgent need for cooperative and collaborative action against trafficking, this publication presents examples of promising practice from around the world relating to trafficking interventions. It is hoped that the guidance offered, the practices showcased and the resources recommended in this Toolkit will inspire and assist policymakers, law enforcers, judges, prosecutors, victim service providers and members of civil society in playing their role in the global effort against trafficking in persons. The present edition is an updated and expanded version of the Toolkit published in 2006.
Human trafficking is a crime that undermines fundamental human rights and a broader sense of global order. It is an atrocity that transcends borders—with some regions known as exporters of trafficking victims and others recognized as destination countries. Edited by three global experts and composed of the work of an esteemed panel of contributors, Human Trafficking: Exploring the International Nature, Concerns, and Complexities examines techniques used to protect and support victims of trafficking as well as strategies for prosecution of offenders. Topics discussed include: How data on human trafficking should be collected and analyzed, and how data collection can be improved through proper contextualization The importance of harmonization and consistency in legal definitions and interpretations within and among regions The need for increased exchange of information and cooperation between the various actors involved in combating human trafficking, including investigators, law enforcement and criminal justice professionals, and social workers Problems with victim identification, as well as erroneous assumptions of the scope of victimization Controversy over linking protection measures with cooperation with authorities Highlighting the issues most addressed by contemporary scholars, researchers, practitioners, and policy-makers, this volume also suggests areas ripe for further inquiry and investigation. Supplemented by discussion questions in each chapter, the book is sure to stimulate debate on a troubling phenomenon.
IOM has had some 13 years of experience in implementing counter-trafficking activities and has provided assistance to over 14,000 victims of trafficking in all regions of the world. With a growing number of organizations, especially local NGOs, now providing or intending to provide assistance to victims of trafficking, IOM would like to share its experience and lessons learned. This Handbook summarizes and systematizes this experience. IOM recognizes that each victim is unique and requires and desires different assistance. As well, the nature of trafficking is different around the world and is ever evolving, requiring changing responses. Therefore this Handbook is not meant to provide a single methodology for the provision of assistance to victims of trafficking, but to offer suggestions and guidance, based on IOM's many years of experience. IOM hopes that it will be helpful to all organizations providing such assistance to victims, but especially for organizations who are just beginning to develop victim assistance programmes and can benefit from IOM's experiences. This Handbook provides guidance and advice necessary to effectively deliver a full range of assistance to victims of trafficking from the point of initial contact and screening up to the effective social reintegration of the individuals concerned.