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The cost and effectiveness of computer-based instruction for military training are evaluated on the basis of about 30 studies conducted since 1968. Four methods of instruction are distinguished and compared: Conventional Instruction: group-paced lectures, and discussions. Individualized Instruction: self-paced (without computer support). Computer-Assisted Instruction (CAI): computer stores and provides instructional materials to students individually via interactive terminals; computer tests and guides students; self-paced. Computer-Managed Instruction (CMI): instructional materials and tests provided away from computer; computer scores the tests and guides students; self-paced.
The use of flight simulators, computer-based instruction and maintenance training simulators for training is evaluated on the basis of their effectiveness and cost. Flight simulators are cost-effective, compared to the use of aircraft, for training; so are maintenance training simulators compared to actual equipment trainers. Computer-based instruction is as effective as conventional instruction; comparable cost data are not yet available, so one cannot say whether it is also cost-effective. These three methods of training are not more effective than the methods to which they were compared, except for small improvements in a few cases.
This collection of papers is the result of a symposium sponsored by NATO's Defense Research Group Panel VIII in the Spring of 1985. The symposium came into being when it became obvious to the NATO countries that research, development and utilization of advanced technologies for training was the best means of increasing both training effectiveness and efficiency. This symposium was the second in a series of three devoted to training. The series was structured to cover all aspects of training. The first series addressed the value of training, the second one dealt with the application of training technologies and the third and last of the series focused on academic issues concerned with the effect of prior learning on subsequent learning. The fact that a major American publisher has determined that computer based instruction is the technology of greatest interest to the NATO community is not surprising. Advances in microprocessor technology have revolutionized both how and where we train. During this symposium there were a limited number of carefully chosen exhibits to demonstrate the various applications of computer based training techniques. In the following papers you will find both a practical and scientific basis for the way current and future training and training systems should be designed, applied and utilized. We know that training must be done faster and more effectively.
In 1988, the NATO panel governing human sciences (Panel 8 on Defence Applica of Human and Bio-Medical Sciences) established a Research Study Group to synthe tions size information relevant to Advanced Technologies Applied to Training Design. During its first phase, the RSG established an active exchange of information on advanced tech nologies applied to training design and stimulated much military application of these tech nologies. With the increased emphasis on training throughout the alliance, Panel 8, during its April 1991 meeting decided to continue with Phase II of this RSG focusing in the area of advanced training technologies that were emerging within the alliance. In order to ac complish its mission, the RSG held a series of workshops. Leaders in technology and training were brought together and exchanged information on the latest developments in technologies applicable to training and education. This volume represents the last in a se ries based on the NATO workshops. In Part One, it details findings from the last work shop, Virtual Reality for Training; and in Part Two, we provide a summary perspective on Virtual Reality and the other emerging technologies previously studied. These include computer-based training, expert systems, authoring systems, cost-effectiveness, and dis tance learning. It is a natural extension to proceed from learning without boundaries to virtual envi ronments. From the extended classroom to the individual or team immersion in a distrib uted, virtual, and collaborative environment is an easy conceptual step.