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Transportation, together with transportation planning for goods, provides good conditions for economic growth and is a natural part of modern society. However, transportation has negative side effects, including emissions and traffic congestion. A freight forwarder may consolidate shippers’ goods in order to reduce some of the negative side effects, thus reducing emissions and/or congestion as well as operational costs. The negative side effects as well as operational costs can be further reduced if a number of freight forwarders cooperate and consolidate their collective goods flows. Consolidation refers to the process of merging a number of the freight forwarders’ shipments of goods into a single shipment. In this case, the freight forwarders are cooperating with competitors (the other freight forwarders). Fair cost allocations are important for establishing and maintaining cost-efficient cooperation among competing stakeholders. Cooperative game theory defines a number of criteria for fair cost allocations and the problem associated with the decision process for allocating costs is referred to as the cost allocation problem. In this thesis, cooperative game theory is used as an academic tool to study cooperation among stakeholders in two transportation planning applications, namely 1) the distribution of goods bound for urban areas and 2) the transportation of wood between harvest areas and industries. In transportation planning application 1, there is a cooperation among a number of freight forwarders and a municipality. Freight forwarders’ goods bound for an urban area are consolidated at a facility located just outside the urban area. In this thesis, operational costs for distributing the goods are assessed by solving vehicle routing problems. Common methods from cooperative game theory are used for allocating the operational costs among the freight forwarders and the municipality. In transportation planning application 2, forest companies cooperate in terms of the supply and transportation of common resources, or more specifically, different types of wood. Each forest company has harvest areas and industries to which the wood is transported. The resources may be bartered, that is, the forest companies may transport wood from each other’s harvest areas. In the cooperative game theory literature, the stakeholders are often treated equally in the context of transportation planning. However, there seems to be a lack of studies on cooperations where at least one stakeholder differs from the other stakeholders in some fundamental way, for instance, as an initiator or an enabler of the cooperation. Such cooperations are considered in this thesis. The municipality and one of the forest companies are considered to be the initiators in their respective applications. Five papers are appended to this thesis and the overall aim is to contribute to the research into cooperative transportation planning by using concepts from cooperative game theory to develop methods for allocating costs among cooperating stakeholders. The purpose of this thesis is to provide decision support for planners in the decisionmaking process of transportation planning to establish cost-efficient and stable cooperations. Some of the main outcomes of this thesis are viable and practical methods that could be used in real-life situations to allocate costs among cooperating stakeholders, as well as support for decisionmakers who are concerned with transportation planning. This is done by demonstrating the potential of cooperation, such as cost reduction, and by suggesting how costs can be allocated fairly in the transportation planning applications considered. Lastly, a contribution to cooperative game theory is provided; the introduction of a development of the equal profit method for allocating costs. The proposed version is the equal profit method with lexicography, which, in contrast to the former, guarantees to yield at most one solution to any cost allocation problem. Lexicography is used to rank potential cost allocations and the unambiguously best cost allocation is chosen.
The Code of Federal Regulations is the codification of the general and permanent rules published in the Federal Register by the executive departments and agencies of the Federal Government.
Supply Chain Management and Cost Management are important developments helping companies to respond to increased global competition and demanding customer needs. Within the 23 chapters of the book, more than 35 authors provide insights into new concepts for cost control in supply chains. The frameworks presented are illustrated with case studies from the automotive, textile, white goods, and transportation industry as well as from retailing. Academics will benefit from the wide range of approaches presented, while practitioners will learn from the examples how their own company and the supply chains which they compete in, can be brought to lower costs and better performance.
This volume addresses challenges and solutions in transport and mobility of people and goods with respect to environment, safety, security and socio–economics issues, exploring advanced computational research work and the latest innovations in transport. This book brings together lectures presented at the ECCOMAS Thematic CM3 Conference on Transport held in Jyväskylä, Finland, 25-27 May 2015. It is divided into three parts, I: Reviews and Perspective, II: Computational Methods and Models and III: Translational Research. Each of these parts consists of contributions that present solutions to many transport challenges in this complex, rapidly changing subject. The work contains the latest achievements of European research and technological developments needed for the next decade through computational results of scientific and technical experts who have made essential contributions in transport efficiency in Europe. The material presented here is the state of the art in Transport Modeling, Simulation and Optimization in the fields of Aeronautics, Automotive, Logistics, Maritime and Rails. Furthermore, this volume also answers the question how to apply Computational Research in Transport in order to provide innovative solutions to Green Transportation challenges of identified in the ambitious Horizon 2020 program. This book is intended for students, researchers, engineers and practitioners that are computationally involved in the deployment of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) in the areas of optimal use of road, traffic and travel data, traffic and freight management ITS services, road safety and security, sea traffic management, etc.
The Code of Federal Regulations is a codification of the general and permanent rules published in the Federal Register by the Executive departments and agencies of the United States Federal Government. This print version is the Official United States Federal Government edition of the Code of Federal Regulations. CFR 23 covers the U.S Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. In this volume, you will find rules, procedures, and regulations pertaining to credit assistance for surface transportation projects, drug offender's driver's license suspension, public road mileage for apportionment for highway safety funds, transportation infrastructure management, engineering and traffic operations, design standards for highways, safety belts usage and compliance, open container laws, national minimum drinking age, construction, inspection, maintenance, and approval. This volume also includes t bridges, structures, hydraulics, utilities, ruck specifications, as well as car-van-pool projects, pedestrian and bicycle accommodations, certification of size and weight enforcement, and more. Other products pertaining to this topic available from the US Government Publishing Office that may be of interest include the following: Standard Specifications for Construction of Roads and Bridges on Federal Highway Projects can be found at this link: https://bookstore.gpo.gov/products/sku/050-001-00346-5?ctid=127 Primer for the Inspection and Strength Evaluation of Suspension Bridge Cables can be found here: https://bookstore.gpo.gov/products/sku/050-002-00114-1?ctid=127 Stream Instability, Bridge Scour, and Countermeasures: A Field Guide for Bridge Inspectors can be found at this link: https://bookstore.gpo.gov/products/sku/050-002-00112-4?ctid=127 Public Roads bi-monthly print periodical subscription can be found at this link: https://bookstore.gpo.gov/products/sku/750-005-00000-4?ctid=127 Best Practices Guide for Identifying Threats to Bridges and Tunnels, June 2006 (Controlled Item) can be found at this link: https://bookstore.gpo.gov/products/sku/008-001-00178-9?ctid=127 Hazard Mitigation Field Book: Roadways --print format can be found here: https://bookstore.gpo.gov/products/sku/064-000-00052-7 --ePub format can be found here: https://bookstore.gpo.gov/products/sku/999-000-44442-5 Traffic Incident Management in Hazardous Materials Spills in Incident Clearance can be found here: https://bookstore.gpo.gov/products/sku/050-001-00345-7?ctid=127 Railcar Inspection Guide (RIG) March 2004 (Package of 10) (TSWG Controlled Item) can be found at this link: https://bookstore.gpo.gov/products/sku/008-001-00169-0?ctid=127 Keywords: cfr 23; 23CFR; 23 CFR; Cfr 23; Highways; highways; department of transportation; transportation; national driver register; problem driver point system; state observational surveys of seat belt use; state highway safety grant programs; intelligent transportation system architecture and standards; railroads; Indians roads; inidan roads; Indian roads; federal lands highways; electronic toll collection; highway safety; public transportation; mass transit and special use highway projects, emergency relief fund; environmental impact; highway beautification program;
This book presents the latest technologies and operational methods available to support sustainable freight transport practices. It highlights market requirements, cutting edge applications, and case studies from innovators in the logistics services industry. The goal is to help bridge the gap between advanced computational techniques and complex applied problems such as those in sustainable transport and logistics operations. Freight transport has traditionally focused on costs and service levels. However, it is no longer possible or socially responsible to neglect the environmental, social, climate, and energy implications of the freight moving globally. This book places sustainability at the forefront of the freight transport agenda. Sustainable Freight Transport: Theory, Models and Case Studies is divided into three sections. Section I focuses on green freight transport policies for air and marine ports. Section II is devoted to using modelling techniques and optimization for achieving sustainable freight transport, while Section III examines policies to support sustainable freight transport practices in urban areas. The contributions come from authors from different areas, backgrounds, and countries to cover a global perspective.