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Controlled release technology enhances the beneficial effects of drugs, agrochemicals, and other biologically active agents. This monograph offers background on the terms, concepts, mathematical and chemical principles, and the advantages of, controlled release technology. Treats each of the major techniques of achieving controlled release: diffusion, biodegradation, osmosis, and mechanical systems. Describes and compares the numerous materials used in controlled release devices. Presents techniques for device preparation and evaluation. Describes the most significant commercially available controlled release products.
The concept of controlled release has attracted increasing attention over the last two decades, with the applications of this technology proliferating in diverse fields in cluding medicine, agriculture and biotechnology. Research and developmental efforts related to controlled release are multiplying in both industry and academia. The reason for this phenomenal growth is obvious. The use of a variety of biologically active agents, such as drugs, fertilizers and pesticides, has become an integral part of modern society. Along with the use of these reagents has evolved an awareness that their uncontrolled application almost inevitably induces harmful effects on the health of humans and their surrounding environments. To eliminate or minimize these harmful effects necessitates the controlled release of these chemicals. Moreover, the controlled release of substances, not usually considered toxic or hazardous, e.g., some catalysts and nutrients, can enhance their effectiveness. The number and variety of controlled release systems, differing in their physical and chemical makeup, are increasing rapidly. Proliferation almost always demands correlation, generalization and unification; it requires both the development of underlying theories of their behavior and the mechanistic interpretation of their performance. This, in turn, requires a statistical and mathematical (quantitative) treatment of the scientific information and technical data pertaining to them. A quantitative treatment can also facilitate the formulation of procedures for computer-aided design of these systems through a priori prediction of their per formance for a variety of design parameters.
The Handbook of Pharmaceutical Controlled Release Technology reviews the design, fabrication, methodology, administration, and classifications of various drug delivery systems, including matrices, and membrane controlled reservoir, bioerodible, and pendant chain systems. Contains cutting-edge research on the controlled delivery of biomolecules! Discussing the advantages and limitations of controlled release systems, the Handbook of Pharmaceutical Controlled Release Technology covers oral, transdermal, parenteral, and implantable delivery of drugs discusses modification methods to achieve desired release kinetics highlights constraints of system design for practical clinical application analyzes diffusion equations and mathematical modeling considers environmental acceptance and tissue compatibility of biopolymeric systems for biologically active agents evaluates polymers as drug delivery carriers describes peptide, protein, micro-, and nanoparticulate release systems examines the cost, comfort, disease control, side effects, and patient compliance of numerous delivery systems and devices and more!
This book contains the proceedings of the International Symposium on Ophthalmie Drug Delivery, which was held in Pisa in October 1986. Topical ophthalmic therapy is a matter of interest to specialists from different fields (medical, pharmaceutical, chemical, technological, etc.), who, unfortunately, have a tendency to meet separately, thus limiting a diffusion of knowledge, ideas and experience that would greatly favour the overall pro gress in this area of research. The Symposium, for the first time in Europe, provided the opportunity for specialists from different disciplines and from different countfies to meet, to discuss and to share their experience. This multidisciplinary approach is reflected in the wide variety of topics that appear in the book. The papers are aimed at reviewing many of the complex, interrelated, medical pharmaceutical and technological facets of topical ophthalmic therapy. lt is our hope that they may stimulate further thought in this fascinating field, and may provide possible guidelines for future research. The editors wish to express their appreciation to the sponsors of the Symposium: Fidia Research Laboratories, whose generosity permitted the meeting tobe held, and the ltalian National Research Council (CNR, Progetto Finalizzato Chimica Fine e Secondaria) who gave its scientific tutorship. Thanks are also due to the other Symposium contributors, ACRAF SpA, Rome, and Allergan Italia SpA, Rome. The assistance, support and coopera tion given before, during and after the Symposium by Dr. Patrizia Chetoni, Dr. Maria Tilde Torracca and Dr. Elena Parolini arealso gratefully acknowledged.
This book approaches the subject from a mechanistic perspective that pitches the language at a level that is understandable to those entering the field and who are not familiar with its common phrases or complex terms. It provides a simple encapsulation of concepts and expands on them. In each chapter the basic concept is explained as simply and clearly as possible without a great deal of detail, then in subsequent sections additional material, exceptions to the general rule, examples, etc., is introduced and built up. Such material was generously supplemented with diagrams; conceptually elegant line diagrams in two or three colors. The artwork was well thought out and able to condense the scientific principles into a novel and visually exciting form. The diagrams encourage browsing or draw the reader to salient points. In addition, the technique of highlighting key concepts in a separate box is used throughout each chapter.
Since the earliest dosage forms to modern drug delivery systems, came a great development and growth of knowledge with respect to drug delivery. Strategies to Modify the Drug Release from Pharmaceutical Systems will address principles, systems, applications and advances in the field.It will be principally a textbook and a reference source of strategies to modify the drug release. Moreover, the characterization, mathematical and physicochemical models, applications and the systems will be discussed. - Addresses the principles, systems, applications and advances in the field of drug delivery - Highlights the mathematical and physicochemical principles related to strategies - Discusses drug release and its possible modifications
This book presents a comprehensive compilation of registration requirements necessary for authorisation of biological control agents (viruses, bacteria, fungi, active substances of natural origin and semiochemicals) in OECD countries. It also reviews data requirements for invertebrate agents (insect, mites and nematodes) and provides proposals for harmonisation of the regulation process and guidelines for completion of application forms. Based on results of the EU REBECA Policy Support Action, which gathered experts from academia, regulation authorities and industry, risks and benefits of the specific agents were reviewed and proposals for a more balanced registration process elaborated, including recommendations for acceleration of the authorisation process and discussions on trade-off effects and policy impacts. All these aspects are covered in detail in this book, which points the way forward for enhanced utilisation of biological control agents.
Modeling and Control of Drug Delivery Systems provides comprehensive coverage of various drug delivery and targeting systems and their state-of-the-art related works, ranging from theory to real-world deployment and future perspectives. Various drug delivery and targeting systems have been developed to minimize drug degradation and adverse effect and increase drug bioavailability. Site-specific drug delivery may be either an active and/or passive process. Improving delivery techniques that minimize toxicity and increase efficacy offer significant potential benefits to patients and open up new markets for pharmaceutical companies. This book will attract many researchers working in DDS field as it provides an essential source of information for pharmaceutical scientists and pharmacologists working in academia as well as in the industry. In addition, it has useful information for pharmaceutical physicians and scientists in many disciplines involved in developing DDS, such as chemical engineering, biomedical engineering, protein engineering, gene therapy. - Presents some of the latest innovations of approaches to DDS from dynamic controlled drug delivery, modeling, system analysis, optimization, control and monitoring - Provides a unique, recent and comprehensive reference on DDS with the focus on cutting-edge technologies and the latest research trends in the area - Covers the most recent works, in particular, the challenging areas related to modeling and control techniques applied to DDS
The threat of domestic terrorism today looms larger than ever. Bombings at the World Trade Center and Oklahoma City's Federal Building, as well as nerve gas attacks in Japan, have made it tragically obvious that American civilians must be ready for terrorist attacks. What do we need to know to help emergency and medical personnel prepare for these attacks? Chemical and Biological Terrorism identifies the R&D efforts needed to implement recommendations in key areas: pre-incident intelligence, detection and identification of chemical and biological agents, protective clothing and equipment, early recognition that a population has been covertly exposed to a pathogen, mass casualty decontamination and triage, use of vaccines and pharmaceuticals, and the psychological effects of terror. Specific objectives for computer software development are also identified. The book addresses the differences between a biological and chemical attack, the distinct challenges to the military and civilian medical communities, and other broader issues. This book will be of critical interest to anyone involved in civilian preparedness for terrorist attack: planners, administrators, responders, medical professionals, public health and emergency personnel, and technology designers and engineers.