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Vacuum plasma-arc melting has the following advantages over vacuum arc melting with the consumable electrode: the possibility of the remelting of lump, noncompact charge; the possibility of the velocity control of melting, maintaining metal in the molten state and, therefore, its additional degassing; and, simpler vacuum equipment. Plasma-arc melting in vacuum (0.4-0.5 mm Hg.) has advantages over plasma-arc melting in weakly rarefied atmosphere (75-100 mm Hg.): the higher degree of degassing of melt; the higher thermal efficiency of process; the less consumption of working gas; the possibility of using low-voltage current sources for vacuum arc furnaces.
The melting of Ti-base alloys is performed in vacuum arc furnaces in a water-cooled copper container. The remelting of the consumable press-formed electrode is the most popular method in the USSR and abroad. With this method of melting, an electric arc is struck between the consumable electrode and the stool. The lower face of the electrode is gradually fused, and the metal dripping onto the stool forms a molten bath. As the molten metal transfers from the electrode to the bath, its lower portion gradually crystallizes. The process of crystallization, therefore, always runs parallel to the process of melting. The depth of the liquid bath fluctuates in accordance with arc currents and container diameter, and varies between the limits of 50 and 300 mm. (Author).
The book describes the method of remelting consumable electrodes with an electric are burning between the surface of a liquid slag bath and a consumable electrode in a water-cooled copper mould. The method combines the possibilities of treatment of liquid metal with the electric arc in the gas atmosphere and the liquid slag and the advantages of plasma-arc and electro slag remelting. The technological possibilities, design features of melting systems and results of experimental and industrial melting trials of steels and alloys are described. In addition to remelting structural steels, special attention is given to the possibility of alloying the metal with nitrogen from the gas phase, without using expensive nitrogen-bearing nonmetallic compounds, e.g. silicon nitride. It is shown that arc slag remelting can also be used efficiently in producing ingots of titanium and its alloys. The results obtained in this method are compared with electro slag remelting and plasma arc remelting. Data on energy consumption and metal quality are also presented.
INVESTIGATION OF THE TECHNOLOGY OF MANUFACTURE OF PRESS-FORMED CONSUMABLE ELECTRODES FOR MELTING Ti alloys revealed that it was possible to use less powerful presses for this purpose than in pressing through a tapered die by extrusion. An investigation of rational distribution of alloying elements in the press-formed electrode demonstrated the practicability of placing them in the center of the briquet with the creation, around this, of a dense wall of pressed sponge preventing the fused mass of fusible alloys from escaping and also preventing intensified evaporation of elements of higher vapor pressure than Ti. It was also found that the reaction between Al and Ti sponge, prior to the time that it enters directly into the zone of fusion, is small. The quantity of sponge to be employed in the press forming of a consumable electrode by batchwise alloying rendered it impossible for the weight of a batch of sponge between 3 and 1.4 kg to affect uniformity of distribution of Al in the alloy and its mechanical properties. The method of batchwise alloying, using a ratio between the weight of the portion of sponge used in the press forming and the weight of the molten metal in bath, as high as 1 to 3, is dependable. (Author).
The first book entirely dedicated to the topic emphasizes the relation between basic research and actual processing technologies. As such, it covers complex microstructures down to the nanometer scale, structure/property relationships and potential applications in key industries. From the contents: * Constitution * Thermophysical Constants * Phase Transformations and Microstructures * Deformation Behaviour * Strengthening Mechanisms * Creep * Fracture Behaviour * Fatigue * Oxidation Resistance and Related Issues * Alloy Design * Ingot Production and Component Casting * Powder Metallurgy * Wrought Processing * Joining * Surface Hardening * Applications and Component Assessment