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Military service in Bolivia has long been compulsory for young men. This service plays an important role in defining identity, citizenship, masculinity, state formation, and civil-military relations in twentieth-century Bolivia. The project of obligatory military service originated as part of an attempt to restrict the power of indigenous communities after the 1899 civil war. During the following century, administrations (from oligarchic to revolutionary) expressed faith in the power of the barracks to assimilate, shape, and educate the population. Drawing on a body of internal military records never before used by scholars, Elizabeth Shesko argues that conscription evolved into a pact between the state and society. It not only was imposed from above but was also embraced from below because it provided a space for Bolivians across divides of education, ethnicity, and social class to negotiate their relationships with each other and with the state. Shesko contends that state formation built around military service has been characterized in Bolivia by multiple layers of negotiation and accommodation. The resulting nation-state was and is still hierarchical and divided by profound differences, but it never was simply an assimilatory project. It instead reflected a dialectical process to define the state and its relationships.
In this book, entitled "Military Conscription: an economic analysis of the labour component in the armed forces", military conscription is regarded as an eco nomic policy to minimize the cost of labour in the armed forces. The economic cost of conscription becomes clear when we analyse the opportunity costs of conscription. If conscripts were free to choose whether to join the armed forces, many would not under the present day conditions, since for them the costs of conscription far outweighs the benefits. The principle of opportunity costs is always central in the economics of warfare. In this book the analysis begins with an investigation of these oppor tunity costs and then uses the results to analyse the formation of an all-volunteer force, which will in fact be achieved, if everything proceeds according to schedule, by 1998. Chapter one concentrates on the structure of the thesis. One of the cor nerstones is welfare economics. Welfare economics uses a mechanical view of the state. Translated to military conscription this means that the welfare of the conscript is a central point in the analysis of the economic aspects of military conscription. Also important is the fact that the concept of welfare concentrates on scarcity. Due to conscription the aspects of scarcity of labour in the armed forces are very weak, if not absent.
DigiCat Publishing presents to you this special edition of "The Conscript" (A Story of the French war of 1813) by Erckmann-Chatrian. DigiCat Publishing considers every written word to be a legacy of humankind. Every DigiCat book has been carefully reproduced for republishing in a new modern format. The books are available in print, as well as ebooks. DigiCat hopes you will treat this work with the acknowledgment and passion it deserves as a classic of world literature.
Reprint of the original, first published in 1883.
“Superb . . . a useful account of the First World War for anyone interested in the perspective of a member of Imperial Germany’s Alsatian minority.”—The Western Front Association As a conscript from Alsace, Dominik Richert realized from the outset of the First World War that his family would be at or near the front line. While he saw no alternative to performing his duty, he was a reluctant soldier who was willing to stand up to authority and to avoid risks—in order to survive. This thoughtful memoir of the conflict gives a lively picture of major events from the rare perspective of an ordinary German soldier. In 1914 Richert was involved in fighting on the French border and was then moved to northern France where he was in combat with Indian troops. In 1915 he was sent to the East and took part in the Battle for Mount Zwinin in the Carpathians and the subsequent invasion of the western parts of the Ukraine and of eastern Poland. In 1917 he took part in the capture of Riga before returning to the Western Front in 1918, where he saw German tanks in action at the battle of Villers-Brettoneux. No longer believing in the war, he subsequently crossed no-man’s land and surrendered to the French, becoming a “deserteur Alsacienne.” The book ends with his return home early in 1919. This “remarkable book . . . an absolute must-have” gives a fascinating insight into the War as experienced by the Germans, and into the development of Richert’s ambivalent attitude to it (The Great War Magazine).
While other novelists center attention on the heroism and adventures of the Napoleonic era, Erkmann and Chatrian describe the ugly side of wars, directing our attention to the exhaustion and suffering of simple, peaceful people forced to sustain the well-being of the army. The mood of both stories is reflected in the opening words of "Waterloo:" "Everybody was tired of living like a bird on a branch and of risking their lives for matters which did not concern them." Yet, people's expectations didn't come true. The novel "Conscript" tells about the war in Moscow of 1813. The troops needed reinforcement, and it was provided with the conscript campaign of 1813. We learn about that time from a narrator, a watchmaker apprentice, who lived a peaceful life before being taken to the army. In those times, most people celebrated Napoleon's glory, and even the thoughts of the possible defeat seemed sinful. "A few old Republicans would shake their heads and mutter over their wine that the Emperor might yet fall, but they passed for fools," tells the narrator, whose life changes drastically. He is to face all the horrors of war and defeat, the infamous retreat, which is later followed by his surprise of the second campaign, which had even more disastrous consequences. The topic of the second novel in a bundle, "The Waterloo," is clear from the name itself, as it became a synonym of a disastrous defeat on the battlefield. Like in "Conscript," the main motive of the story is the suffering of peaceful people forced to go to war.